Audio Medium

& Scripting
Audio
Medium
Aural Communication
Behavior
Communication represents
70% of our waking hours.
• 9% Writing
• 16% Reading
•
}
30% Speaking 75% Creating and
Interpreting
• 45% Listening
Aural Messages

Based on a Study by Paul Rankon at Ohio State University

Audio
Medium

Definitions

• Oral = spoken
• Aural = perceived by the ear
Aural Literacy: The learned ability to
interpret and to create aural messages
using appropriate signs to achieve a
desired outcome.
Audio
Medium

Hearing and Listening

• HEARING: A Physiological
Process Sound Waves–Vibrations–Nerve Impulses

• LISTENING: A Psychological
Process Awareness–Identification
Recognition–Comprehension
Audio
Medium
Advantages of
Aural Media
• Inexpensive
• Readily Available
• Easy to Use/Portable
• Group or Individual Use
• Adds Interest
• Non-verbal Messages
Audio
Medium
Limitations of
Aural Media

• Fixed Speed and Sequence

• Audience May Hear but Not Listen
• Production Can Be Expensive
• Production Skills/Time Consuming
• Limited Audience Concentration
Audio
Medium
Planning (Designing)
Aural Messages
Considerations in Planning Aural Messages

• the audience
• the subject matter
• the desired outcomes
• method of presentation
Audio
Medium

Outcomes

• Cognitive -
recognizing/discriminating
• Psychomotor - respond to
oral commands, voice traning
• Affective - set mood, manage
feelings, stress
Audio
Medium
Aural Sign System
Elements
• Pitch
• Loudness
• Tempo
Audio
Medium
Aural Sign System
Signs

• Voice
• Sound Effects/Natural Sounds
• Music
• Silence
Audio
Medium

Voice

• Narration (“Voice-over”)
• Dialog
Audio
Medium
Sound Effects/Natural
Sounds

• Define Space
• Establish Locale
• Emphasize/Intensify Action
• Set Pace
• Unify by Transition
Audio
Medium

Music
• Establish Locale
• Emphasize Action
• Set Pace
• Provide Counterpoint
• Provide Transition
• Evoke Atmosphere/Mood
Audio
Medium

Design Guidlines
• Cue
• Clear/Concise
• Advance Organizer
• Concurrent Organizer
• Summary
• Variety
• Particpation
• Repitition
Audio
Medium

Script Writing

• Goal: To be understood!
• Idea/Outcomes/Content
• Treatment
¦ Descriptive Synopsis of Presentation
¦ Beginning, Flow, Ending
¦ Overall Structure–motivators,
organizers, presentation, transitions,
review, closing
Audio
Medium

Script Writing
Selected Principles
• Write to be HEARD
• Write to your audience
• Clear organization, message
• Simple Sentences–to the point
• Use pauses & other audio sources
• Avoid distracting language
• Active voice
Audio
Medium
Script Writing–Active
Voice

• Passive Voice: “An ordinance that

extended swimming pool hours was
passed by the City Council after it was
pressured by a group of parents.”
• Active Voice: “Pressured by a group of
parents, the City Council extended
swimming pool hours.”
Audio
Medium

Script Writing

A Comprehension Check
Syllables per 100 words
100-130 Easy
131-160 Average
161- up Difficult
Audio
Medium
Script Writing with
Visuals
• Audience Hears Once
• Use Pauses
• Audio Pacing
• No Visual Description
• No Reference to Medium
Audio
Medium
Script Writing with
Visuals
• No Abbreviations
• Upper/Lower Case
• New Page/New Sentence
• Read Aloud
• Rewrite
Audio
Medium
Picture the Visual
Image
• Treatment
• Function
• Visual Pacing
• Sequences
• Esthetics
• Practicality
• Audience
Audio
Medium
Sketch Image on Script
Paper
Audio
Medium

Visual Production Notes

• LS: Long Shot
• MLS: Medium Long Shot
• MS: Medium Shot
• MCU: Medium Close-Up
• CU: Close-Up
• ECU: Extreme Close-Up
Audio
Medium

Visual Production Notes

• Effect: cut-diss-wipe-fade
• Brief Description
• Other Relevant Information
Audio
Medium

Audio Production Notes

• Start/End Audio Segment

• Fade up, Fade out, Hold Under
• Audio, Source, Location
• Other Relevant Information
Audio
Medium
Script Visualization
Principles

• Clear & Uncomplicated

• Visually Relate Images
• Movements, Viewpoints
• Transitions
• Review
Audio
Medium
Presenting Audio
Recordings
• Playback Formats
• Cassette DAT• •
DAT Cartridge
Cartridge
• CD • Reel
Reel Tape
• Systems
• Amplification
• Balance/Modification
• Speakers/Feedback
• Techniques
• Cueing
• Control Levels
Audio
Medium
Audio Recording–
System
Components
• Microphone
• Playback
• Mixer
• Recorder
• Speaker/Headphones
Audio
Medium

MediaLab Audio Booth

Microphone
Cassette
Recorder 1 Turntable

Cassette 2
Playback Playback 5

Cassette
3
Mixer
Playback

Playback CD 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 M
Audio
Medium
Producing Audio
Recordings
Audio Booth Training
MediaLab
Instructional Technology and Development
Center
Audio
Medium
Audio Tape
Synchronization

SYNC MODE
Off WOLLENSAK
Record EJECT
VOLUME RECORD MODE TONE START STOP
Manual Auto Bass Treble
8 0
7 1

6
2 RECORD PAUSE
5 4 3 Lock

Recorder Controls
Audio
Medium
Audio Recording
Formats
• Cassette
• CD
• DAT
• Reel Tape
• Cartridge
• Records