Physics 14 - Sound 0625

PHYSICS – Sound
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the production of sound by
vibrating sources
• Describe the longitudinal nature of
Describe compression and rarefaction
sound waves
• State that the approximate range of
audible frequencies for a healthy human
ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
• Show an understanding of the term
ultrasound
• Show an understanding that a medium
is needed to transmit sound waves
• Describe an experiment to determine State typical values of the speed of sound
the speed of sound in air in gases, liquids and solids
• Relate the loudness and pitch of sound
waves to amplitude and frequency
• Describe how the reflection of sound
may produce an echo
Sound
What is
sound?
Sound
What is
sound?
Sound is a series
of waves (sound
waves) caused by
vibrations.
Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the skin
vibrates backwards and forwards
very quickly, sending sound waves
through the air to your ears.
Sound is a series
of waves (sound
waves) caused by
vibrations.
Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the skin
vibrates backwards and forwards
very quickly, sending sound waves
through the air to your ears.
Sound is a series
Sound waves travel
as a series of of waves (sound
compressions and
rarefactions
waves) caused by
through the air. vibrations.
They are
longitudinal waves.
WHAT IS SOUND?
 Sound is a form of energy which produces

a sensation of hearing in our ears.
 Sound is produced due to vibration of
different objects.
PRODUCTION OF SOUND
Sound Waves
SOUND AS A WAVE
 Sound travels as a longitudinal wave through
a material medium.
 The medium can be solid, liquid or gas.
 Sound travels as successive compressions and
rarefactions in the medium
Longitudinal Waves Eg. Sound
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-1/Sound-as-a-Longitudinal-Wave
Compression Rarefaction
In longitudinal waves the
oscillations (vibrations) are
backwards and forwards.
The different sections are
known as compressions and
rarefactions.
In longitudinal waves the
The oscillations in
oscillations (vibrations) are
longitudinal waves are in
backwards and forwards.
the direction of travel.
The different sections are
known as compressions and
Sound waves are
rarefactions.
longitudinal waves.
SOUND - A LONGITUDINAL WAVE
 Sound propagates in a medium as a series of
compressions (C) and rarefactions (R).
 In these waves the particles move back and
forth parallel to the direction of propagation
of the disturbance. Such waves are called
longitudinal waves.
SOUND - A LONGITUDINAL WAVE
PROPAGATION OF SOUND
 When a vibrating object moves forward, it
pushes and compresses the air in front of it
creating a region of high pressure. This
region is called a compression.
 When the vibrating object moves backwards,
it creates a region of low pressure called
rarefaction (R).
SOUND- A SERIES OF COMPRESSIONS (C) AND
RAREFACTIONS(R)
C R C R C R C R
 As the object moves back and forth rapidly, a series
of compressions and rarefactions is created in the
air. These make the sound wave that propagates
through the medium.
 The propagation of sound can be visualized
as propagation of density variations or
pressure variations in the medium.
Sound Waves
Sound Wave – Key

Fact
Sound waves are

longitudinal
waves.
SOUND-A MECHANICAL WAVE
 Sound cannot travel in vacuum.
 Sound is a mechanical wave and needs a
material medium like air, water, steel etc.
for its propagation. It cannot travel through
vacuum.
 Sound waves are characterised by the motion
of particles in the medium and are called
mechanical waves.
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
travel?
travel?
travel?
As the vacuum pump is
switched on, air is
drawn out of the bell
jar. The bell begins to
get quieter.
travel?
As the vacuum pump is
switched on, air is
jar. The bell begins to
get quieter.
Eventually, all of the air

particles will have been
jar.
We can see the bell

ringing, but we can’t
hear it
travel?
Conclusions:
Sound needs particles

to travel.
Sound cannot travel

through a vacuum.
Sound cannot travel

through space, because
there are no particles.
SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL
 Sound is a mechanical wave and needs
a medium for propagation.
Belljar experiment can prove this nature

of sound wave.
. Cork
Bell jar
Electric bell
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE
 The change in density from one maximum
value to the minimum value and again to the
maximum value makes one complete
oscillation.
 The distance between two consecutive
compressions or two consecutive rarefactions
is called the wavelength,represented by λ,
(Greek letter lambda)
 The SI unit is meter(m).
 The magnitude of disturbance in a medium
on either side of the mean value is called an
amplitude (A).
As shown in the figure below, amplitude is
the distance between mean position and
crest (maximum displacement).
 The time taken by the wave for one
complete oscillation of the density or
pressure of the medium is called the time
period, T.
 SI unit is second (s).
 The number of complete oscillations per
unit time is called the frequency (ν),
Greek letter, nu.
 SI unit is hertz(Hz), or 1/s
 Frequency and time period are related as
follows, frequency=1/timeperiod or ν=1/T
Sound Waves
Sound Wave – Key

Fact
Sound waves need a
medium (material) to
travel through – they
cannot travel through a
vacuum (empty space)
Sound Waves
Sound Wave – Key

Fact
Sound waves can

travel through
solids, liquids and
gases.
SPEED OF SOUND
 The speed of sound is defined as the
distance which a point on a wave travels
per unit time.
 λ is the wavelength, which is the distance
travelled in one time period.
 Hence Speed= distance/time or v= λ/T
 The speed v, frequency ν , and wavelength
λ, of sound are related by the equation,
v = λ /T or v=λν.
 Speed = wavelength x time period
SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT
MEDIA
 The speed of sound depends primarily on the
nature and the temperature of the
transmitting medium.
 The speed of sound decreases when we go
from solid to gaseous state.
 In any medium as we increase the
temperature the speed of sound increases.
 For example, the speed of sound in air is 331
ms–1 at 0 ºC and 344 ms–1 at 22 ºC.
Speed of sound in different media at 250C.
State Substance Speed in m/s

Solid Aluminium 6420
Steel 5960
Iron 5950
Brass 4700
Glass 3980
Liquid Water (Sea) 1531
Water (Distilled) 1498
Ethanol 1207
Methanol 1103
Gas Hydrogen 1284
Helium 965
Air 346
Oxygen 316
Sulphur dioxide 213

Speed of Sound
Sound travels
at 330 metres
per second
(330m/s), or
760 mph.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
Sound travels much faster than the
at 330 metres sound of thunder.
per second A 3 second gap between the flash of
lightning and the sound of thunder
(330m/s), or
means that the storm is about a
760 mph. kilometre away.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
(330m/s), or
The Speed of Sound:

Depends upon the
temperature of the
air. Sound travels
faster through hot air
than through cold air.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
(330m/s), or
The Speed of Sound:

Depends upon the Does not depend
temperature of the upon the pressure of
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric
faster through hot air pressure changes,
than through cold air. speed does not.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
(330m/s), or
The Speed of Sound:

Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Speed of Sound
Lightning travels
(330m/s), or
The Speed of Sound:

Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s, water at 0oC = 1400m/s, concrete = 5000m/s
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
75 metres
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
75 metres
Time
SPEED = DISTANCE Speed = 150 333 m/s

TIME 0.45
75 metres
75 metres
Time
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
Concrete = 5000m/s, Water at 0 oC = 1400m/s, Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s
Sound travels faster through a

solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
 Sound properties such as pitch, loudness and
quality are determined by the corresponding
wave properties.
 The loudness or softness of a sound is determined
basically by its amplitude. The amplitude of the
sound wave depends upon the force with which
an object is made to vibrate.
Seeing the sound
Loudspeakers convert
the signal from the The oscilloscope
signal generator into allows us to study
sound waves. the frequency and
loudness of a sound.
Signal generators can
produce signals over a
range of frequencies and
of varying amplitudes.
LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY
 Loudness is a physiological response of the
ear to the intensity of sound.
 The amount of sound energy passing each
second through unit area is called the
intensity of sound.
Loudness
A quiet sound A loud sound
The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;

the louder the sound.
The bigger the waves you can see, the louder the sound.
PITCH
 If the frequency of vibration is higher, the
sound is shrill and has a high pitch.
 If the sound is said to have a lower pitch then it
has a lower frequency of vibration.
 A bird produces high pitched sound whereas
roaring of a lion is a low pitched sound.
Pitch (or frequency)
A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.
The shorter the wavelength of the wave on the trace; the higher the
frequency of the sound.
The more waves you can see, the higher the pitch/frequency.
QUALITY OR TIMBER
 The property that enables us to distinguish
one sound from another having the same
pitch and loudness. It depends on the
waveform produced by the vibration of the
object.
REFLECTION OF SOUND
Like light, sound gets reflected at the surface of a
solid or liquid and follows the laws of reflection.
i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.
ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal at
the point of incidence all lie in the same plane.
An echo is a reflected
sound wave.
ECHO
 For hearing a distinct sound, the time
interval between the original sound and
the reflected one must be at least 0.1 s.
 The minimum distance of the obstacle
from the source of sound must be 17.2 m.
REVERBERATION
 A reverberation is the persistence of a sound after a

sound is produced.
 It is created when a sound signal is reflected
multiple of times until it reaches a sound wave that
cannot be heard by human ears.
 In an auditorium or big hall excessive
reverberation is highly undesirable.
 To reduce reverberation, the roof and walls of the
auditorium are generally covered with sound-
absorbent materials.
USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTION
OF SOUND
 Megaphones ,horns, musical instruments such
as trumpets and shehanais, are all designed
to send sound in a particular direction
without spreading it in all directions.
OF SOUND
 Stethoscope is a medical instrument used for listening to
sounds produced in the heart or lungs of human body.
 In stethoscopes the sound of the patient’s heartbeat
reaches the doctor’s ears by multiple reflection of sound.
OF SOUND
 The curved ceilings of concert halls and conference

halls make the sound after reflection reach all
corners of the hall.
 Sometimes a curved soundboard may be placed
behind the stage so that the sound, after reflecting
from the sound board, spreads evenly across the
width of the hall.
RANGE OF HEARING
 The audible range of hearing for average human
beings is in the frequency range of 20Hz – 20 kHz.
 Infrasound-sound with frequency lower than 20Hz.
 Ultrasound-sound with frequency higher than
20KHz.
So what is
our range of
hearing?
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Humans Max 20,000 Hz
Min 20 Hz
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Bat Max 120,000 Hz
Min 1,000 Hz
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Dolphin Max 150,000 Hz
Min 150 Hz
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Dog Max 50,000 Hz
Min 15 Hz
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Cat Max 65,000 Hz
Min 60 Hz
So what is
our range of
hearing?
Ultrasonic cat scarer (20kHz – 30kHz

ULTRASOUND & INFRASOUND
 The waves having  The waves having
frequency less than 20 frequency more than
Hz are infrasonic 20,000 Hz are
waves. ultrasonic waves.
 A vibrating simple  Bats and rats can
pendulum produces
produce ultrasonic
infrasonic sounds.
sounds.
 Elephants and whales
produces infrasonic
waves.
 Earthquakes produces
infrasonic waves
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e. above
20,000Hz)
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human
Uses hearing (i.e. above

20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
 Industrial applications:
 To clean parts located in hard-to-reach places,
for example, spiral tube, odd shaped parts,
electronic components etc.
 To detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND
 Medical applications:
 Echocardiography- Ultrasonic waves are made to
reflect from various parts of the heart and form
the image of the heart.
 Ultrasonography-Ultrasound scanner for getting
images of internal organs of the human body.
 Ultrasound may be employed for the treatment
of kidney stones.
SONAR

Sonar stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging.
It is a device which uses ultrasonic waves to
measure distance, direction and speed of
underwater objects.
This technique is used to determine the depth of
the sea and to locate underwater hills, valleys,
submarine, icebergs, sunken ship etc.
SONAR
Ifthe time taken for the transmission and

reception of ultra sound is t and the distance
travelled is 2d by the ultra sound, then 2d = v
xt
or d = v x t
2
Echoes used for Navigation
A boat sends out a sound wave so
that the captain can calculate the
depth of water.
The captain knows that the speed

of sound in water is 1500 m/s
Distance = speed x time

A boat sends out a sound wave so
that the captain can calculate the
depth of water.
The captain knows that the speed

of sound in water is 1500 m/s
Distance = speed x time
But don’t forget that the sound

has travelled there and back so we
will need to divide our answer by
two to get the depth.
Depth of water = speed x time
2
Calculate the depth if:
Speed
Time (s)
(m/s)
1 1500 0.2
2 1500 1.1
3 1500 0.5
4 1500 1.6
5 1500 2.1
6 1500 0.8
Depth of water = speed x time
2
Calculate the depth if:
Speed Time Depth

(m/s) (s) (m)
1 1500 0.2 150
2 1500 1.1 825
3 1500 0.5 375
4 1500 1.6 1200
5 1500 2.1 1575
6 1500 0.8 600

Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in
air, eg. aircraft.
Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in • Used to detect objects
air, eg. aircraft. under water, eg.
submarines
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
2. Breaking down
kidney stones.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is any
sound above the
range of human

20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
control.- eg. Detecting 5. Range and
cracks in a metal. direction finding
- SONAR
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR
Human Ear
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR
 Ear allows us to convert pressure variations in
air with audible frequencies into electric
signals that travel to the brain via the auditory
nerve.
RECAPITULATION:
 Sound is a longitudinal wave which travels in
the form of sets of compressions and
rarefactions.
 Sound requires a medium to travel.
 Frequency, time period, amplitude, speed and
wavelength are the important characteristics
of sound wave.
 Sound waves undergo reflection obeying the
laws of reflection.
 Multiple reflection of sound has many practical
applications.
RECAPITULATION:
 Human audible range is 20Hz to 20000Hz.
 Infrasound-sound with frequency lower than
20Hz.
 Ultrasound-sound with frequency higher than
20KHz.
 Ultrasound has many industrial as well as
medical applications.
 Human ear is a very sensitive organ which
help us to hear various kinds of sounds.
HOMEWORK
 Explain an activity with neat diagram to
prove that sound needs a medium to travel.
 Define pitch, loudness and quality of sound.
 Mention the applications of ultrasound.
 What is meant by reverberation?
 What is the minimum distance between the
source and the obstacle to hear a distinct
echo?
 A sound wave has a frequency of 2 kHz and
wave length 35 cm. Calculate the speed of
the wave?
BATS PRODUCE ULTRASOUND?
 The high-pitched ultrasonic squeaks of the
bat are reflected from the obstacles or prey
and returned to bat’s ear.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the production of sound by
vibrating sources
• Describe the longitudinal nature of
Describe compression and rarefaction
sound waves
• State that the approximate range of
audible frequencies for a healthy human
ear is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
• Show an understanding of the term
ultrasound
• Show an understanding that a medium
is needed to transmit sound waves
• Describe an experiment to determine State typical values of the speed of sound
the speed of sound in air in gases, liquids and solids
• Relate the loudness and pitch of sound
waves to amplitude and frequency
• Describe how the reflection of sound
may produce an echo
PHYSICS – Sound

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PHYSICS – Sound

 Sound is a form of energy which produces

Sound Wave – Key

Sound waves are

Eventually, all of the air

We can see the bell

Sound needs particles

Sound cannot travel

Sound cannot travel

Belljar experiment can prove this nature

Sound Wave – Key

Sound Wave – Key

Sound waves can

State Substance Speed in m/s

Liquid Water (Sea) 1531

Water (Distilled) 1498

Gas Hydrogen 1284

Sulphur dioxide 213

The Speed of Sound:

The Speed of Sound:

The Speed of Sound:

The Speed of Sound:

SPEED = DISTANCE Speed = 150 333 m/s

Sound travels faster through a

Sound travels faster through a

A quiet sound A loud sound

The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;

A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.

 A reverberation is the persistence of a sound after a

 The curved ceilings of concert halls and conference

Humans Max 20,000 Hz

Bat Max 120,000 Hz

Dolphin Max 150,000 Hz

Dog Max 50,000 Hz

Cat Max 65,000 Hz

Ultrasonic cat scarer (20kHz – 30kHz

Uses hearing (i.e. above

Ifthe time taken for the transmission and

The captain knows that the speed

Distance = speed x time

The captain knows that the speed

Distance = speed x time

But don’t forget that the sound

Calculate the depth if:

Calculate the depth if:

Speed Time Depth

2 1500 1.1 825

3 1500 0.5 375

4 1500 1.6 1200

5 1500 2.1 1575

6 1500 0.8 600

Uses hearing (i.e. above

Uses hearing (i.e. above

Uses hearing (i.e. above

Uses hearing (i.e. above

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