BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

Lecture – 4

SIMPLE FRAMED BUILDINGS

 INTRODUCTION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

 Conventional System - Traditional Wall Loading System

 Framing, in construction is the fitting together of pieces
to give a structure support and shape

 Structural system - supports the building against

gravitational forces and vertical and lateral loads (inclusive
of live & dead loads & loads generated by earthquake,
wind, rain and snow etc.)

The structural system transfers loads through interconnected structural

components or members.
INTRODUCTION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

Dead Load and

Wind Load

Live Load
 INTRODUCTION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING STRUCTURE

1. Structural Framework
Transfers the loads of structure plus any imposed loads through
the members of the frame to a suitable foundation.

2. Exterior envelope or Skin

Framed buildings can be clad externally with lightweight non-
load bearing walls to provide necessary protection. It also
provides a comfortable interior space with proper sound and
thermal insulation.

3. Interior subdivision of spaces

It is done according to the functional requirements.
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM of a BUILDING

• Load bearing structural system

• Framed structural system
• Hybrid type structural system
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
LOAD BEARING SYSTEM
• Ancient structural system in building
industry
• The wall as a structural element - not
only divides the space into several
parts rather bears the load and
transfers it to the ground via
foundation.
• Thickness of the wall is increased as
the height of the wall is increased.

• In traditional architectural monuments

of history, this system could be found
in a large extent
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
LOAD BEARING BUILDINGS
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
• The wall only works as a space
divider
• Entire load is carried out by the
frame or the skeleton of the building.
• Building is composed with the frame
and envelopes where beams,
columns and slabs form a frame and
walls act as envelopes.
• Sizes of frame element may vary but
that of wall remains the same.

• More popular theses days as it made

possible to construct skyscrapers and land
value is high these days
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
FRAMED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
HYBRID TYPE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
• Composition of both load- bearing
and framed structural system
• The walls share partial load along
with Frame structure of the building.
• The connectivity of the masonry to
the frame determines performance.
• Similar to a conventional infill-frame
system.
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
HYBRID TYPE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
BUILDING PLANES
Moreover, the structural system can be elaborated further in
terms of vertical and horizontal planes.
Horizontal Planes
Vertical Planes
• Floor Planes
• Wall Planes
• Roof Planes
• Columns
• Beam

The configuration of those vertical and horizontal planes moreover guide the final
form of the building
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

COMPONENT OF A FRAMED BUILDING

• BEAMS
• COLUMNS
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
BEAMS AND COLUMNS
• Beams and columns - designed to be of simple
geometrical forms
• Not limited to the designer to get more complex
forms
• Yet risk lies for structural strength.
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
BEAMS
• Horizontal element of a building frame

• Transmits load laterally along its length to its supports.

• Beam carrying load experiences bending stresses. Stresses are
greatest along beam’s top and bottom edges.
• Strength increases according to square of its increase in depth.
• Stiffness increases according to cube of its increase in depth.
• If beam length is doubled
• Bending stress is doubled.
• Supports only half of its original maximum load.
• Deflection under stress increases according to
• Cube of its increase in length.
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
BEAMS
Functions of a beam in a framed building
• Transmit the load laterally to the its supports,
• Withstand the bending stresses,
• Provide base for the horizontal members in ordinary cases.
• Others . . . . . . . . .

Design parameters of beam

SN Description Load type Depth (excluding Examples (depth if span is
top membrane) 6000mm)
1 Roofs Light 1/15 to 1/20 of 400mm to 300mm
span
2 Floors including ties Medium 1/12 to 1/15 of 500mm to 400mm
load
3 Composite structures Heavy 1/9 to 1/12 of span 670 to 500mm
(1200kg/m²)
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
BEAMS
Doubly Reinforced beams
• Main steel is used both in tension and
compression zones.
Used when:
• Depth of the beam has to be limited to smaller magnitude and is
continuous over several supports.
• To resist greater bending moment than a singly reinforced beam.
• When beam is subjected to eccentric loading and shocks.
• When bending moment in member reverses according to loading
conditions, mainly in
• Walls of water tank.
• Swimming pools
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
COLUMNS
• Column is vertical element of building frame.
 Transmits compressive forces vertically along its shaft.
 Column can be compressed if the load is centered and evenly
distributed.
 It will experience buckling if load is applied off center or applied
laterally.
 The more slender the column is, the less strength it will have
therefore it is recommended to be thicker in relation to its height
which can withstand lateral or eccentric loading.
Major Shapes
o Square o Hexagonal
o Rectangle o Octagonal
o Circular o Other Geometrical Forms
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
COLUMNS
Column Classification - Proportion

1. Slender columns:
• The diameter and the height
proportion is considered to be
bigger; for example if the ht. is
5400mm and diameter is 300mm;
(D: H=1:18)

2. Short columns:
• The diameter and the height
proportion is smaller, for
example if the ht is 5400mm and
diameter is 540mm (1:10)
 Components of Framed Building
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
COLUMNS
Column Classification - Reinforcement
1. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and lateral ties
2. Columns reinforced with longitudinal steel and closely spaced
spirals
3. Columns with structural steel member encased in concrete i.e.
composite columns - to carry heavy loads.
4. Steel pipes columns filled with concrete - to carry light load and
provide small column diameter dimension.
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS OF A BUILDING

 SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
FUNCTION OF A FRAME
 Building frames consists of columns and beams forming a network.
 All the loads (floor/wall) are supported on beams.
 Beam in turn transmits loads to columns.

Building frames are subjected to both:

1. Vertical Loads
 Dead load of structural elements
 Live load
2. Horizontal Load
 Wind Force
 Earthquake – Seismic Load
Functional Requirement  Other lateral loads

 Strength depends on Quality of materials, Workmanship

 Fire resistance
 Overall Site Requirement
SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II
 SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS

• Main Beams: Span between columns and transfer the live and
imposed loads placed upon them to the columns.
• Secondary Beams: Span between main beams and transfer their
loadings to the main beams.
• Tie Beams: Internal beams at right angles to main beams spanning
between columns.
• Edge Beams: Span between external columns.
• Columns: Vertical members which carry the loads transferred by the
beams to the foundations.
• Foundation: The base to which the columns are connected and serve
to transfer the loadings to a suitable load bearing subsoil.
 SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 0" 13'-2" 13'-2" 20'-10" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'
6'-11" 6'-3" 6'-3" 6'-11" 6'-11" 6'-3" 6'-3" 6'-11" 6'-11" 6'-3" 6'-3" 6'-11" 7'-1" 6'-4" 7'-4" 13'-2" 13'-2" 6'-11" 6'-3" 6'-3" 6'-11" 6'-11" 6'-3"

1" 1'-6"
1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2"

2"
1 1
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B3 B2 B2 B2
STAIRCASE VOID

B1
13'-5"

S B3
14'

14'
B1
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
22'

22'
B1 B1 B1 B1
S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1
SB SB
9"

S B1 S B1

S B3
7'-7"
8'

8'
1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-6" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4"
1"
2 2
9"
1"

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B3 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2

S B3
6'-8"
8'

8'

8'

8'
1'-4" B2 1'-4"
B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4"
B2 1'-6" B3 1'-6" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4" B2 1'-4"

3 3
9"

B1

5'-4"

5'-4"
S B2

S B2

S B2
7'-7"

1'-4"
8'

S B1 COLUMN TERMINATED FOR 3'

MEETING ROOM

2'-8"
SB SB
9"

S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1 S B1
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
22'

B1

16'-8"
S B3
13'-5"
14'

14'
1'-6" 1'-6"
B2 B2 B2 B2 B3 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" B2 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" B2 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" B2 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2"
4 4
9"
2"

2"

S B3

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

TYPICAL BEAM LAYOUT PLAN

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 20'-10" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'-2" 13'

10' 10'
8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
7'-6" (F0 ) (F0 ) 7'-6"
(LF2 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F2 )
4"1'-6"4" 1'-6"
1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2"
4"

1 1
7'-6"

7'-6"
8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"
10'

10'

ADDITIONAL TIE BEAM

14'-4"

ADDITIONAL TIE BEAM TB-a(TYP)

B B' TB-b(TYP) ON PLINTH ONLY
10'-5"
ON PLINTH ONLY
22'

SB
(CF1 ) (CF1 ) (CF0 ) (CF1 )
(LCF2 )7'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" (CF1 ) 8'-6" (CF1 ) 8'-6" (CF1 ) 8'-6"
10'
(CF0 ) (CF1 ) 8'-6" (CF1 ) 8'-6" (CF1 ) 8'-6" 8'-6" (CF2 )7'-6"
7'-8"

7'-8"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"
5'

5'
3'-9"

1'-6" 1'-6" 3'-9"

1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4" 1'-4"
4"

2 2
16'-6"
15'-6"

18'
8'

8'

1'-4" 1'-6" 1'-6" 1'-4"

3 3
(F2 )
4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"

4'-3"
5'

5'
7'-8"

7'-8"

1'-4"

3'
SB
9"
22'

14'-4"

10' 10'

(LF2 ) 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" (F0 ) (F0 ) 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6" 8'-6"
(F1 ) 8'-6"
(F2 )
7'-6" (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) (F1 ) 7'-6"

1'-6"
4"
1'-2"4" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 4" 4" 4" 4" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2" 1'-2"
4"

4"
4"

4 4
7'-6"

7'-6"
8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"

8'-6"
10'

10'
8'

(F3 ) (F3 )
4'

4'
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

TRENCH /FOUNDATION PLAN,

 SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS

• Floors: Provide the platform on which objects are placed and over
which people circulate. They transmit the live loads to the
supporting beams and also provide a specific fire resistance, sound
and thermal insulation.

• Roof : Provides a weather resisting covering to the uppermost floor.

• Walls: Envelope of the structure which provides the resistance to the

elements, entry of daylight, natural ventilation, fire resistance,
thermal insulation and sound insulation.
 SKELETON FRAME MEMBERS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

MAJOR MATERIALS FOR SKELETON FRAMES

1. Reinforced Concrete System of selection of Materials
2. Precast Concrete  Prevailing building codes
3. Structural Steelwork  Availability of required material
 Availability of funds
4. Others . . . . . .  Site condition
 Maintenance cost
Analysis of vertical loads
Building frame - a three dimensional structure
 Beam dimension in every floor is similar or vary as per analysis .
 Column size may vary - generally smallest at top and largest at bottom.
 TOPICS for RESEARCH BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

1. Structural Difference of Framed and Load Bearing

Structures
2. T-Beams
3. Function of Slab as Horizontal Members
4. Design Parameters of Slab
5. Design Parameters of Columns
6. Nature of Steel and Concrete as Skeletal Members
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - II

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