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02 Feedback Amplifiers
02 Feedback Amplifiers
A
We know that, Af
1 A
d (1 A) dA
dA f A dA (1 A) dA A 1 A 1
So,
dA (1 A) 2 (1 A) 2 (1 A) 2
dA f 1 A 1 Af
dA (1 A) 2 1 A A(1 A) A(1 A)
dA f / A 1 1
S Hence, the sensitivity is S
dA / A 1 A 1 A
dA f dA
For example, if S=0.1 then 0 .1
A A
That means the percentage change in gain with feedback is one-tenth
the percentage variation in amplification if no feedback is present.
Desensitivity of transfer Amplification: The reciprocal of the
sensitivity is called the desensitivity D, or D 1 A (13 7)
From Eq. (13-4) [Af=A/(1+bA)], it is seen that the transfer gain is
divided by the desensitivity after feedback is added.
Thus Af A/ D (13 8)
A A 1
If A 1, Then A f (13 9)
1 A A
and the gain may be made to depend entirely on the feedback network.
Frequency Distortion:
It is seen from Eq. (13-9) [Af=1/] that if the
feedback network is purely resistive, the gain
with feedback is not dependent on frequency
even though the basic amplifier gain is frequency
dependent.
So the frequency distortion arising because of
varying gain, A, with frequency is considerably
reduced in a negative feedback amplifier.
Nonlinear Distortion:
Suppose that a large amplitude signal is applied to a
stage of an amplifier so that the operation of the
device extends slightly beyond its range of linear
operation, and as a consequence the output signal is
slightly distorted.
Negative feedback now introduced, and the input
signal is increased by the same amount by which the
gain is reduced, so that the output signal amplitude
remains the same.
It is clear from Eq. (13.9) that the negative feedback
reduces the dependence of the overall closed-loop
gain (Af) on the open-loop gain (A) of the amplifier.
Let’s understand this
through this example:
Say the open loop gain
drops from 1000 (A1) to 100
(A2) had we a negative
feedback gain with =0.01
then 1000
Af 1 90.9
1 1000 0.01
100
Af 2 50
1 100 0.01
That means the closed-loop gain drops from 90.9 to 50.
This means it gets linearized.
Reduction of Noise:
Negative feedback can be employed to reduce the
noise in an amplifier (i.e. to increase the signal-to-
noise ratio, SNR).
The signal-to-noise (SNR) for the amplifier A1 is
S Vs
N Vn
H
Hf
1 Ao
Input Resistance
If the feedback signal is returned to the input in series
with the applied voltage, it increases the input resistance.
Since the feedback voltage Vf oppose Vs, the input current
Ii is less than it would be if Vf were absent.
Hence the input resistance Rif=Vs/Ii is greater than the
input resistance without feedback Ri.
For this type of feedback topology Rif=Ri(1+A)=RiD.
If the feedback is returned to the input in shunt with the
applied current, it decreases the input resistance.
Since Is=Ii+If, then the current Ii (for a fixed value
of Is) is decreased from what it would be if there
were no feedback current.
Hence the input resistance Rif=Vi/Is= RiIi/Is is
decreased because of this type of feedback.
For this type of feedback topology
Rif=Ri/(1+A)=Ri/D.
Output Resistance
Negative feedback which samples the output voltage, regardless
of how this output signal is returned to the input, tends to
decrease the output resistance (Rof<<Ro).
Negative feedback which samples the output current, regardless
of how this output signal is returned to the input, tends to
increase the output resistance (Rof>>Ro).
The output resistance for the feedback amplifier can be defined
as the resistance with feedback Rof looking into the output
terminals with RL disconnected.
The output resistance is determined by applying a voltage V,
resulting in a current I, with Vs (Vs =0 where input source is
voltage) shorted out or Is (Is =0 where input source is current)
opened out. So, R =V/I.
Input Resistance of Voltage-Series Feedback
Fig. 13-10 shows the topology of Fig. (a) in which the amplifier is
replaced by its Thevenin’s model.
From Fig. 13-10 the input impedance with feedback is Rif=Vs/Ii.
Also, Vs I i Ri V f I i Ri Vo (13 11)
AvVi RL Av I i Ri RL
and Vo AV I i Ri (13 12)
Ro RL Ro RL
Vo Av RL
where, AV (13 13)
Vi Ro RL
From Eqs. (13-11) and (13-12)
Vs I i Ri AV I i Ri I i Ri (1 AV )
Vs
Rif Ri (1 AV ) Ri D (13 14)
Ii
Here, D 1 AV
' Ro RL /( Ro RL ) Ro'
Rof (13 30)
1 Av RL /( Ro RL ) 1 AV
Vs I i Ri G M I i Ri I i Ri (1 G M )
Vs
Rif Ri (1 GM ) Ri D (13 16)
Ii
Here, D 1 GM
' Ro (1 Gm ) R L
Rof
Ro (1 Gm ) R L
' Ro R L (1 Gm )
Rof
Ro R L Gm Ro
' Ro RL (1 Gm ) /( Ro RL )
Rof
1 Gm Ro /( Ro RL )
' R ' 1 Gm
Rof (13.38.2)
o
1 GM
Input Resistance of Current-Shunt Feedback
The topology of Fig. (c) is indicated in Fig. 13-11, with the amplifier
replaced by its Norton’s model.
From the Fig. 13-11 the input impedance with feedback is Rif=Vi/Is.
I s Ii I f Ii I o (13 19)
Also
Ai I i Ro
and I o AI I i (13 20)
Ro RL
I Ai Ro
where, AI o (13 21)
I i Ro RL
From Eqs. (13-19) and (13-20)
I s I i (1 AI ) (13 22)
' Ro R L (1 Ai ) ' Ro RL (1 Ai ) /( Ro RL )
Rof Rof
Ro R L Ai Ro 1 Ai Ro /( Ro RL )
' R ' 1 Ai
Rof (13 37)
o
1 AI
' Ro RL ' Ro R L /( Ro R L )
Rof Rof
Ro RL Rm RL 1 Rm R L /( Ro R L )
R '
'
Rof o (13 32.2)
1 RM
where, is the output resistance without feedback but with RL
considered as part of the amplifier.
Note that is now divided by the desensitivity factor D=1+RM
which contains the voltage gain RM that takes RL into account.
Table 13-4 summarizes the different components for
different topologies.
Method of Analysis of a Feedback Amplifier
It is desirable to separate the feedback amplifier into two blocks, the
basic amplifier A and the feedback network , because with a knowledge
of A and , we can calculate the important characteristics of the feedback
system, namely, Af, Rif, and Rof.
The basic amplifier configuration without feedback but taking the
loading of the network into account is obtained by applying the
following rules:
To find the input circuit:
1. Set Vo=0 for voltage sampling. In other words, short the output node.
2. Set Io=0 for current sampling. In other words, open the output loop.
To find output circuit:
1. Set Vi=0 for shunt comparison. In other words, short the input node.
2. Set Ii=0 for series comparison. In other words, open the input loop.
The complete analysis of a feedback amplifier is obtained
by carrying out the following steps:
1. Identify the topology.
(a) Is the feedback signal Xf a voltage or a current?
In other words, is Xf applied in series or in shunt with
the external excitation?
(b) Is the sampled signal Xo a voltage or current?
In other words, is the sampled signal taken at the
output node or from the output loop?
2. Draw the basic amplifier circuit without feedback,
following the rules listed above.
3. Use the Thevenin’s source if Xf is a voltage and a
Norton’s source if Xf is a current.
4. Replace each active device by the proper model (for
example, hybrid- model for a transistor at high
frequency or the h-parameter model at low frequency).
5. Indicate Xf and Xo on the circuit obtained by carrying
out steps 2, 3, and 4. Evaluate = Xf / Xo.
6. Evaluate A by applying KVL and KCL to the
equivalent circuit obtained after step 4.
7. From A and , find D, Af, Rif, Rof, and Rof ’.