Lec 1 Stress

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
SIMPLE STRESS & STRAIN

Strength of materials
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 Engineering mechanics is the application of mechanics to
solve problems involving common engineering elements.
Engineering Mechanics provides the "building blocks" of
statics, dynamics, and strength of materials/ Mechanics
of Solids
 Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that

studies the internal effects of stress and strain in a solid body
that is subjected to an external loading
Engg Mech (Statics)
External Forces/Moments
Reactions, Internal Forces/Moments
Mechanics of Solids
Stresses (normal, shear) Deformations, deflections

(Hooke’s Law) Strains (normal, shear)
Structure Design; Materials Selection;

Manufacturing Processing; Failure analysis
 Stress is associated with the strength of the material from

which the body is made, while
 strain is a measure of the deformation of the body
 In addition to this, mechanics of materials includes the study
of the body’s stability
 A thorough understanding of the fundamentals of this
subject are of vital importance because many of the
formulas and rules of design cited in engineering codes are
based upon the principles of this subject
LOAD
 Load is defined as the set of external
forces acting on a mechanism or
engineering structure which arise from
service conditions in which the
components work
 Common loads in engineering
applications are tension and
compression
 Tension: Direct pull
 Compression: Direct push
 Sign convention followed: Tensile forces
are positive and compressive negative
TYPE OF LOAD
There are a number of different ways in which load can
be applied to a member. Typical loading types are:
 Dead/ Static load - Non fluctuating forces generally
caused by gravity
 Live load - Load due to dynamic effect
 Impact load or shock load - Due to sudden blows
TYPICAL LOADS ON A STRUCTURE

TYPICAL LOADS ON A STRUCTURE

TYPES OF DEAD LOAD
Dead load is further sub divided depending upon area of

application and variation of magnitude:
Point load/Concentrated Load- Area of application is
negligibly small as compared to total area
Uniformly distributed load ( UDL)- Magnitude of load is
uniform over all the area
Uniformly varying load (UVL) Change in magnitude of
load is gradual from lowest to highest magnitude
Couple- Magnitude of load is variable
TYPES OF DEAD LOAD

Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to
prevent the body from translating or having accelerated
motion along a straight or curved path, and a balance of
moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These
conditions are expressed mathematically as the equations of
equilibrium:
Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is

developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on
the two segments of the body
Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the plane of the area
and it is developed when the external loads tend to cause the
two segments of the body to slide over one another
Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the

external loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying
within the plane of the area
STRESS
• When a material is subjected to an external force, a resisting
force is set up within the component, this internal resistance
force per unit area is called stress
• Stress is the force per unit area upon which it acts
Force F
Stress     N / m2
Area A
Permissible stress or allowable stress or working

stress = yield stress or ultimate stress /factor of safety
Note: Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa
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TYPES OF STRESSES
Poisson’s Ratio= lateral strain/ longitudinal strain
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DIRECT STRESS
 When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body
deforms. The way in which the body deforms depends
upon the type of force applied to it
Compression force makes the

body shorter
A tensile force makes the body

longer
Tensile and compressive forces are called Direct Forces

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INTERNAL FORCE:- STRESS
P P
=P/A
m n
m n
P=
A
P P • Axial
• Axial tension Compression
• Stretches the bars & tends • Shortens the bar
to pull it apart • Crushing
• Rupture • Buckling
NORMAL STRESS
NORMAL STRESS
NORMAL STRESS - EXAMPLE



ALLOWABLE AXIAL FORCE / STRESS

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE - INTERNAL FORCE DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE - INTERNAL FORCE DIAGRAM

Problems Related To Stress
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

SIMPLE STRESS & STRAIN

 Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that

Engg Mech (Statics)

Stresses (normal, shear) Deformations, deflections

Structure Design; Materials Selection;

 Stress is associated with the strength of the material from

TYPICAL LOADS ON A STRUCTURE

TYPICAL LOADS ON A STRUCTURE

TYPES OF DEAD LOAD

Dead load is further sub divided depending upon area of

TYPES OF DEAD LOAD

Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is

Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the

Permissible stress or allowable stress or working

Compression force makes the

A tensile force makes the body

Tensile and compressive forces are called Direct Forces

INTERNAL FORCE:- STRESS

NORMAL STRESS - EXAMPLE

NORMAL STRESS - EXAMPLE

NORMAL STRESS - EXAMPLE

ALLOWABLE AXIAL FORCE / STRESS

EXAMPLE - INTERNAL FORCE DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE - INTERNAL FORCE DIAGRAM

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