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Chapter_02 (2)
Chapter_02 (2)
Chapter_02 (2)
TRANSACTIONS
Chapter 2
Assets
Assets Liabilities
Liabilities Equity
Equity
= +
FastForward
FastForward
Income Statement
Income Statement
For Month Ended December 31, 2009
For Month Ended December 31, 2009
Revenues:
Revenues:
Consulting revenue $ 5,800
Consulting revenue $ 5,800
Rental revenue 300
Rental revenue 300
Total revenues $ 6,100
Total revenues $ 6,100
Expenses:
Expenses:
Rent expense 1,000
Rent expense 1,000
Salaries expense 700
Salaries expense 700
Total expenses 1,700
Total expenses 1,700
Net income $ 4,400
Net income $ 4,400
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 2
WHAT WE HAVE DONE SO FAR…
a. Purchased land for $4,000 cash.
b. Purchased $1,000 of office supplies on credit.
c. Billed a client $1,900 for services provided.
d. Paid the $1,000 account payable created by the credit purchase of office supplies
in transaction b.
e. Collected $1,900 cash for the billing in transaction c.
ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY
Cash + Accounts + Office + Land = Accounts + Trista, + Revenues
Receivable Supplies Payable Capital
$21,000 + $0 + $3,000 + $19,000 = $0 + $43,000 + $0
A - 4,000 + 4,000
B + 1,000 +1,000
C + 1,900 + 1,900
D - 1,000 - 1,000
E + 1,900 - 1,900
Trial balance
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 4
C1 ANALYZING AND RECORDING
PROCESS
Post journal
information
Prepare and analyze to ledger
the trial balance accounts
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 5
C2
SOURCE DOCUMENTS
Bills from
Checks Suppliers Purchase
Orders
Employee
Earnings
Records Bank
Statements
Sales
Tickets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 6
C3 THE ACCOUNT AND ITS
ANALYSIS
An
An account
account is is aa
record
record of of
increases The
The general
general
increases and and ledger
decreases
decreases in in aa ledger isis aa record
record
specific containing
containing all
all
specific asset,
asset, accounts
liability,
liability, equity,
equity, accounts usedused byby
revenue, the
the company.
company.
revenue, or or
expense
expense item.item.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 7
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 8
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 9
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 11
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 12
C3 THE ACCOUNT AND ITS
ANALYSIS
Assets
Assets Liability
Liability Equity
Equity
Asset
Accounts
Accounts
Accounts = Liability
Accounts
Accounts
Accounts + Equity
Accounts
Accounts
Accounts
Owner, Capital
Owner, Withdrawals
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 13
C3
ASSET ACCOUNTS
Cash
Accounts
Land
Receivable
Buildings
Asset
Asset Notes
Accounts
Accounts Receivable
Equipment Prepaid
Accounts
Supplies
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 14
C3
LIABILITY ACCOUNTS
Accounts
Accounts Notes
Notes
Payable
Payable Payable
Payable
Compared to Compared to
Accounts
Receivable? Liability Notes Receivable?
Accounts
Accrued
Accrued Unearned
Unearned
Liabilities
Liabilities Revenue
Revenue
EX: wage payable, tax EX: magazine
payable, interest payable subscriptions
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 15
C3
EQUITY ACCOUNTS
Owner’s
Owner’s Owner’s
Owner’s
Capital
Capital Withdrawals
Withdrawals
Equity
Accounts
Revenues
Revenues Expenses
Expenses
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 16
C3 THE ACCOUNT AND ITS
ANALYSIS
Assets = Liabilities
Liabilities + Equity
Equity
+ – + –
Owner’s
Owner’s Owner's
Owner's Revenues
Revenues Expenses
Expenses
Capital
Capital Withdrawals
Withdrawals
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 17
C4 LEDGER AND CHART OF
ACCOUNTS
The ledger is a collection of all accounts for an
information system. A company’s size and diversity
of operations affect the number of accounts needed.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 19
Rules for using accounts
Accounts are assigned balance sides (Debit or Credit).
To increase any account, use the balance side.
To decrease any account, use the side opposite the
balance.
DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING
Assets
Assets = Liabilities
Liabilities + Equity
Equity
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 21
C5
DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING
Equity
Owner’s
Owner’s _ Owner's
Owner's _ Expenses
Capital
Capital Withdrawals
Withdrawals + Revenues
Revenues Expenses
DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING
An account balance is the difference between the increases
and decreases in an account.
Notice the T-Account.
Cash
Investment by owner 30,000 Purchase of supplies 2,500
Consulting services revenues earned 4,200 Purchase of equipment 26,000
Collection of accounts receivable 1,900 Payment of rent 1,000
Payment of salary 700
Payment of account payable 900
Withdrawal by owner 200
Total increases 36,100 Total decreases 31,300
Balance 4,800
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 23
P1
JOURNALIZING &
POSTING TRANSACTIONS
Assets
Assets = Liabilities
Liabilities + Equity
Equity
T- Account
(Left side) (Right side)
Debit Credit
Step 1: Analyze
Step 2: Apply double-
transactions and source
entry accounting
documents.
GENERAL
GENERALJOURNAL
JOURNAL Page
Page11
Date
Date Description
Description PR
PR Debit
Debit Credit
Credit
2009
2009
Dec.
Dec. 11 Cash
Cash 30,000
30,000
C.
C.Taylor,
Taylor,Capital
Capital 30,000
30,000
Investment
Investmentby
byowner
owner
Dec.
Dec. 22 Supplies
Supplies 2,500
2,500
Cash
Cash 2,500
2,500
Purchased
Purchasedsupplies
suppliesfor
forcash
cash
Transaction
Transaction
Dollar
Dollar amount
amount of
of debits
debits
explanation
explanation and
and credits
credits
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 25
P1
CASH
CASH ACCOUNT
ACCOUNT No.
No. 101
101
Date
Date Description
Description PR
PR Debit
Debit Credit
Credit Balance
Balance
2009
2009
Dec.
Dec. 11 Initial
Initial investment
investment 30,000
30,000 30,000
30,000
Dec.
Dec. 22 Purchased
Purchased supplies
supplies 2,500
2,500 27,500
27,500
Dec.
Dec. 33 Purchased
Purchased equipment
equipment 26,000
26,000 1,500
1,500
Dec.
Dec. 10
10 Collection
Collection from
from customer
customer 4,200
4,200 5,700
5,700
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 26
P1
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 30
P1
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
De c. 2 Supplie s 2,500
Ca sh 2,500
Purchased store supplies
for cash
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 32
A1
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Transaction: Owner invested $30,000 in FastForward on Dec. 1.
Analysis:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash Capital
30,000 30,000
Double entry:
(1) Cash 101 30,000
C. Taylor, Capital 301 30,000
Posting:
Cash 101 C. Taylor, Capital 301 301
(1) 30,000 (1) 30,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 33
A1
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Transaction: FastForward purchases supplies by paying $2,500
cash.
Analysis:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash Supplies Capital
(2,500) 2,500
Double entry:
(2) Supplies 126 2,500
Cash 101 2,500
Posting:
Supplies 126 Cash 101
(2) 2,500 (1) 30,000 (2) 2,500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 34
A1
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Transaction: FastForward purchases equipment by paying $26,000
cash.
Analysis:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash Equipment Capital
(26,000) 26,000
Double entry:
(3) Equipment 167 26,000
Cash 101 26,000
Posting:
Equipment 167 Cash 101
(3) 26,000 (1) 30,000 (2) 2,500
(3) 26,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 35
A1
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Transaction: FastForward purchases $7,100 of supplies on credit.
Analysis:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Supplies Accounts Payable Capital
7,100 7,100
Double entry:
(4) Supplies 126 7,100
Accounts payable 201 7,100
Posting:
Supplies 126 Accounts Payable 201
(2) 2,500 (4) 7,100
(4) 7,100
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 36
A1
ANALYZING TRANSACTIONS
Transaction: FastForward provides consulting services and
immediately collects $4,200 cash.
Analysis:
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Cash Revenue
4,200 4,200
Double entry:
(5) Cash 101 4,200
Consulting Revenue 403 4,200
Posting:
Cash 403 Consulting Revenue 101
(1) 30,000 (2) 2,500 (5) 4,200
(5) 4,200 (3) 26,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 37
A TRIAL BALANCE
FastForward
Trial Balance
December 31, 2009
Debits Credits
Cash $ 4,350
Accounts receivable -
Supplies 9,720
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
Equipment 26,000
Accounts payable $ 6,200
Unearned consulting revenue 3,000
C. Taylor, Capital 30,000
Owner's Withdrawals 200
Consulting revenue 5,800
Rental revenue 300
Salaries expense 1,400
Rent expense 1,000
Utilities expense 230
Total $ 45,300 $ 45,300
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 38
EXAMPLE: PREPARING GENERAL
JOURNAL ENTRIES
Prepare general journal entries for the following transactions of a
new company called Special Pics.
Aug. 1 Madison Harris, the owner, invested $14,250 cash and $61,275
of photography equipment in the company.
Aug. 2 The company paid $3,300 cash for an insurance policy covering
the next 24 months.
Aug. 5 The company purchased office supplies for $2,707 cash.
Aug. 20 The company received $3,250 cash in photography fees
earned.
Aug. 31 The company paid $871 cash for August utilities.
Quick analysis:
(1) Cash , Equipment , Capital
(2) Cash , Prepaid Insurance
(3) Cash , Supplies
(4) Cash , Revenue
(5) Cash , Utilities expense
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 39
GENERAL JOURNAL
2. A sales invoice:
A. Is a type of source document.
B. Is used by sellers to record the sale.
C. Is used by buyers to record purchases.
D. Gives rise to an entry in the accounting process.
E. All of these.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 41
QUICK CHECK
3. Source documents include all of the following except:
A. Sales tickets.
B. Ledgers.
C. Checks.
D. Purchase orders.
E. Bank statements.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 42
QUICK CHECK
5. Prepaid expenses are:
A. Payments made for products and services that do not ever
expire.
B. Classified as liabilities on the balance sheet.
C. Decreases in equity.
D. Assets that represent prepayments of future expenses.
E. Promises of payments by customers.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 43
QUICK CHECK
7. A credit is used to record:
A. A decrease in an expense account.
B. A decrease in an asset account.
C. An increase in an unearned revenue account.
D. An increase in a revenue account.
E. All of these.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 44
QUICK CHECK
9. Double-entry accounting is an accounting system:
A. That records each transaction twice.
B. That records the effects of transactions and other events in at least two
accounts with equal debits and credits.
C. In which each transaction affects and is recorded in two or more accounts
but that could include two debits and no credits.
D. That may only be used if T-accounts are used.
E. That insures that errors never occur.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 45
After processing its remaining transactions for
P2
December, FastForward’s Trial Balance is prepared.
FastForward
Trial Balance The trial balance
December 31, 2009
lists all account
Debits Credits
Cash $ 4,350
balances in the
Accounts receivable - general ledger. If
Supplies 9,720
Prepaid Insurance 2,400
the books are in
Equipment 26,000 balance, the total
Accounts payable $ 6,200
Unearned consulting revenue 3,000
debits will equal the
C. Taylor, Capital 30,000 total credits.
Owner's Withdrawals 200
Consulting revenue 5,800
Rental revenue 300
Salaries expense 1,400
Rent expense 1,000
Utilities expense 230
Total $ 45,300 $ 45,300
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 46
P2
PREPARING A TRIAL BALANCE
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 47
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 48
P2 SEARCHING FOR AND
CORRECTING ERRORS
If the trial balance does not balance, the
error(s) must be found and corrected.
Cash 53
Income 191
Wages expense 75
Marketing expense 54
Difference 150
Cash 53
Income 191
Wages expense 75
Marketing expense 54
Difference 0
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 52
Example 2: Transposition errors
An $89 payment for telephone bill was journalized as a debit to
telephone expense by $98 and credit to cash by $98.
Analysis:
This is a transposition error; the digits are reversed in the
amount. The difference between $98 and $89 is 9 (divided by 9)
This error can be corrected as if debit to cash by $9 and credit
to telephone expense by $9.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 53
P3 USING A TRIAL BALANCE TO
PREPARE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Point in Point in
Time Period of Time Time
Statement of Cash Flows
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 54
P3
INCOME STATEMENT
FASTFORWARD
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2009
Revenues:
Consulting revenue $ 5,800
Rental revenue 300
Total revenues $ 6,100
Expenses:
Rent expense 1,000
Salaries expense 1,400
Utilities expense 230
Total expenses 2,630
Net income $ 3,470
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 55
P3
STATEMENT OF OWNER'S EQUITY
FASTFORWARD
Statement of Owner's Equity
For the Month Ended December 31, 2009
C. Taylor, Capital 12/1/09 $ -
Connections
Net income for December 3,470
Plus: Investments by Owner 30,000
33,470
Less: Owner Withdrawals 200
. C. Taylor, Capital, 12/31/09 $ 33,270
FASTFORWARD
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2009
Revenues:
Consulting revenue $ 5,800
Rental revenue 300
Total revenues $ 6,100
Expenses:
Rent expense 1,000
Salaries expense 1,400
Utilities expense 230
Total expenses 2,630
Net income $ 3,470
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 56
P3
BALANCE SHEET
Statement of Owner's Equity
For the Month Ended December 31, 2009 FASTFORWARD
C. Taylor, Capital 12/1/09 $ - Balance Sheet
Net income for December 3,470 December 31, 2009
Plus: Investments by Owner 30,000
Assets
33,470
Less: Owner Withdrawals 200 Cash $ 4,350
C. Taylor, Capital, 12/31/09 $ 33,270 Supplies 9,720
Prepaid insurance 2,400
Equipment 26,000
Total assets $ 42,470
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 6,200
Unearned revenue 3,000
Connections Total liabilities
Equity
9,200
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 58
A2
Total Debt
Total Assets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 59
QUICK CHECK
1. A liability created by the receipt of cash from customers in payment for
products or services that have not yet been delivered to the customers is:
A. Recorded as a debit to an unearned revenue account.
B. Recorded as a debit to a prepaid expense account.
C. Recorded as a credit to an unearned revenue account.
D. Recorded as a credit to a prepaid expense account.
E. Not recorded in the accounting records until the earnings process is complete.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 60
QUICK CHECK
3. On April 30, Holden Company had an Accounts Receivable balance of
$18,000. During the month of May, total credits to Accounts Receivable were
$52,000 from customer payments. The May 31 Accounts Receivable balance
was $13,000. What was the amount of credit sales during May?
A. $ 5,000.
B. $47,000.
C. $52,000.
D. $57,000.
E. $32,000.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 61
QUICK CHECK
5. The following transactions occurred during July:
1. Received $900 cash for services provided to a customer during July.
2. Received $2,200 cash investment from Barbara Hanson, the owner of
the business.
3. Received $750 from a customer in partial payment of his account
receivable which arose from sales in June.
4. Provided services to a customer on credit, $375.
5. Borrowed $6,000 from the bank by signing a promissory note.
6. Received $1,250 cash from a customer for services to be rendered
next year. => unearned revenue (liability)
What was the amount of revenue for July?
A. $ 900.
B. $ 1,275.
C. $ 2,525.
D. $ 3,275.
E. $11,100.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 62
QUICK CHECK
6. Zed Bennett opened an art gallery and as a dealer completed these
transactions:
1. Started the gallery, Artery, by investing $40,000 cash and equipment
valued at $18,000.
2. Purchased $70 of office supplies on credit.
3. Paid $1,200 cash for the receptionist's salary.
4. Sold a painting for an artist and collected a $4,500 cash commission on
the sale.
5. Completed an art appraisal and billed the client $200.
What was the balance of the cash account after these transactions were
posted?
A. $12,230.
B. $12,430.
C. $43,300.
D. $43,430.
E. $61,430.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 63
QUICK CHECK
7. The debt ratio is used:
A. To measure the relation of equity to expenses.
B. To reflect the risk associated with a company's debts.
C. Only by banks when a business applies for a loan.
D. To determine how much debt a firm should pay off.
E. All of these.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 64
QUICK CHECK
9. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A. Higher financial leverage involves higher risk.
B. Risk is higher if a company has more liabilities.
C. Risk is higher if a company has higher assets.
D. The debt ratio is one measure of financial risk.
E. Lower financial leverage involves lower risk.
10. At the end of the current year, Norman Company reported total
liabilities of $300,000 and total equity of $100,000. The company's debt
ratio on the last year-end was:
A. 300%.
B. 33.3%
C. 75.0%.
D. $400,000.
E. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 65
END OF CHAPTER 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 66