PROMOTION

• L.D. White is “An appointment from a given

position to a position of higher grade,
involving a change of duties to a more difficult
type of work and greater responsibility
accompanied by change of title and usually an
increase in pay.”
• Meaning : Elements (components) of promotion;
• Change of position from lower position to higher
position.
• Change of duties from less difficult type of work
to more difficult type of work.
• Change of responsibility from lesser
responsibility to greater responsibility.
• Change of title from lower designation to higher
designation.
• Change of pay from lower salary scale to higher
salary scale.
 Essentials of Sound Promotion System
• W.F. Willoughby
i. Specify duties and qualifications required for all
promotions in the government service.
ii. classification of positions into classes, grades and
services.
iii. the principle of recruitment from within for filling
up of higher posts.
iv. principle of merit in determining the promotion of
employees.
v. The provision of adequate means for determining
the relative merits of employees eligible for
promotion.
 Principles of Promotion:
i. Seniority
ii. Merit
iii. Seniority and Merit
i. Seniority principle
• Seniority means, the duration of service of an
employee. According to this principle the
order of precedence in making promotion is
determined by the duration of service of the
employees.
 Merits:
1. It is an objective criterion. So it cannot be
misused.
2. Senior man is more experienced.
3. It is a fair and just basis of promotion because
everybody gets an opportunity for promotion.
4. Interference by politicians can be avoided.
5. It boosts the morale of the employees as they
are sure of promotion at their turn.
6. It leads to automatic promotion.
7. The principle of seniority is simple.
 Drawbacks:
1. no guarantee that the senior man is more
competent than the junior.
2. May be suitable for the lower posts but for
the higher ones special type of qualities may
be required.
3. Lack of effort for self- improvement.
 Merit Principle:

• Merit principle implies that the most

meritorious employee should be promoted
‘based on specified criteria alone’.
• promotion is determined by the qualifications
and achievements of employees irrespective
of the length of service.
 Methods of testing Merit
a) Promotional examination (written/oral)
• Promotional examinations are generally followed at the lower
levels of the public services. It may be competitive or qualifying in
nature.
b) Personal judgment of the head of the department
• It is an old principle.
• promotion left to the head of the office or department
concerned, who has personal knowledge of the various
employees.
• possible only in small organisations
c) Efficiency ratings (service ratings)
• originated in the U.S.A. for assessing the service record of public
employees. In large organisations where the head cannot
personally know all the employees, such records and ratings
furnish a valuable aid to his judgement in selecting for
promotions
 Promotion in India

• based on the seniority and/or merit principle.

• For selection posts (largely in Class I and Class
II) the criterion of selection is merit.
• non-selection posts (Class III and IV),
promotion is made on the seniority principle
• Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC):
• Government of India Act, 1919, for the first time
recognized the need for the setting up of a Public
Service Commission in India
• 1st oct. 1926 the Public Service Commission was
set up for the first time, consisting of four
members in addition to the Chairman.
• Reconstituted as
Federal Public Service Commission by the
Government of India Act, 1935
• Renamed as today's Union Public Service
Commission after the independence (UPSC).
Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the Indian constitution provide for a Public Service

• Article-315. Public Service Commissions for t

he Union and for the States.
• Article-316. Appointment and term of office
of members.
• Article-317. Removal and suspension of a me
mber of a Public Service Commission.
• Article-318. Power to make regulations as to
conditions of service of members and staff of
the Commission.
• Article-319. Prohibition as to the holding of o
ffices by members of Commission on ceasing
 Article-315
• There shall be a Public Service Commission
for the Union and a Public Service Commission
for each State.
• Two or more States may agree that there shall
be one Public Service Commission and if a
resolution to that effect is passed by the state
governments, Parliament may by law provide
for the appointment of a Joint State Public
Service Commission
 Article-316. Appointment and term of office of members.

• The Chairman and other members of Union

Public Service Commission or a Joint
Commission shall be appointed by the
President
 Tenure
• All the members (including the Chairman) hold
office for a six years term, or until they attain
the age of 65 years
• Article-317 Suspended and removed by President
– is adjudged an insolvent; or
– Office of profit
– Is unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of
mind or body.
• After supreme court justifies
• Resignation addressed to President
 Article-318.
• the President may by regulations—
– determine the number of members of the
Commission and their conditions of service; and
• Provided that the conditions of service of a
member of a Public Service Commission shall
not be varied to his disadvantage after his
appointment.
 Composition of UPSC
• The UPSC consists of a Chairman and other
members who are appointed by the President
of India.
• Presently there nine members including the
chairman (Pradeep Kumar)
• Constitution mentions that – 50% of the
members of UPSC should be those who
have held government office for at least 10
years. It mentions no other qualification.
 Independence of the UPSC

• Security of Tenure : The chairman and other members of

UPSC can only be removed on the basis of grounds
mentioned in the constitution only.
• Security of Job conditions : Even though the President
decides the conditions of service of the chairman and the
members but he cannot change them afterwards to their
disadvantage.
• No requirement of vote of Parliament for expenses. This is
because the entire expenses of salaries, allowances and
pensions of all the members including the chairman are
charged on Consolidated fund of India.
• Chairman cannot be re-employed in the Government, not
even on same post : art.319
• The members can be re-appointed to UPSC or any State PSC
though, but not anywhere else.
 Article-320. Functions of Public Service
Commissions
• To conduct examinations for appointment to
the services of the Union and conduct
interviews for direct recruitment.
• Exercise such additional functions as may be
provided for by an Act of Parliament regarding
the services of the Union
• If requested by any two or more states, to
assist them in framing and operating schemes
of joint recruitment for any service.
shall be consulted—
• on all matters relating to methods of
recruitment to civil services
• on the principles for appointments to civil
services, promotions and transfers
• on all disciplinary matters affecting a person
serving under the Government of India
• on any claim for the award of a pension in
respect of injuries sustained by a person while
serving under the Government of India
• Article-323. Reports of Public Service
Commissions.
• present annually to the President a report as
to the work done by the Commission
 State Public Service Commissions

• Article 315 of the Indian Constitution

• Art. 316 The chairman and the members of
the PSC are appointed by the Governor
• Half of the members of such commission shall
• Be in government service at least for ten years
• The members shall hold office for six years or
until he attains the age of sixty-two years.
• Article-317
• Resignation addressed to governor
• the President may by order remove from
office the Chairman or any other member of
SPSC if the Chairman or such other member,
– is adjudged an insolvent; or
– Office of profit
– unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of
mind or body.
– After supreme court justifies