Instructional Objectives

Construction,
Principle of operation
Basic Equation
Applications

By
P.Anitha,Lecturer
EEE Dept

Single-phase induction motor
Single Phase Motors
Classification Construction and starting
methods
Induction motors ( split-phase, capacitor and
shaded-pole etc.,)
Repulsion motors ( Inductive series motors)
A.C. Series motors
Un-excited Synchronous motors

Single-phase induction motor
The induction motor is the most commonly used
type of ac motor. Its simple, rugged construction
costs relatively little to manufacture.


The induction motor has a rotor that is not
connected to an external source of voltage.

Single-phase induction motor
The induction motor derives its name from the
fact that ac voltages are induced in the rotor
circuit by the rotating magnetic field of the stator.


In many ways, induction in this motor is similar
to the induction between the primary and
secondary windings of a transformer
Single-phase induction motor

One stator winding
Single-phase power supply
Squirrel cage rotor
Require device to start motor
3 to 4 HP applications
Household appliances: fans, washing
machines, dryers

Construction
Two parts
- Stator & Rotor
- Air gap between stator & rotor is uniform
- No external connection between stator &
rotor

Construction
Construction
The stator carries a main
winding, which creates a set of N,
S poles.
It also carries a smaller
auxiliary winding that only
operates during the brief period
when the motor starts up.
Single-phase induction motor
It has no self starting torque. It can be explained by two
theories.

Behaviour of motor
Two field / double field theory
Air gap m.m.f. resolved into two rotating
components at N
s
and in opposite direction
Each component treated separately e.g.,
polyphase m/c
Cross field theory
Air-gap flux resolved into two pulsating
components along and 90 to stator-winding
axis
Lines that are used for 1 commutator motors

Double field revolving theory
Double field contd
a) A & B =
m
/ 2,
m
= max. value, revolving in
anticlockwise and clockwise

b) Rotated + and


c) After quarter cycle, A & B exact opposite,
resultant flux = 0

u |
u |
sin .
2
2
sin .
2
. 2 _ tan
m
m
flux t resul = =
Double field contd
d) After half cycle, A & B will have resultant of


e) After three-quarter cycle, resultant = 0

) (
2
). 2 (
m
m
|
|
= =
Double field contd
Alternating flux resolved into
Two fluxes , equal to half the value and
Rotates in opposite direction (N
s
= 120 f/P)
Slip of rotor
Forward rotating flux = s


Backward rotating flux = (2-s)

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) s s
N
N
N
N N
s
s s
s
b
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

= 2 1 1 1
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
s s
s
f
N
N
N
N N
s 1
Power and torque equation
Power developed by motor


Torque


Where





2
2
2
.
1
R I
s
s
P
g
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2
.
1
2
1
R I
s
s
N
T
g
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
( ) s N N
s
= 1 .
s
R I
N
T
s
g
2
2
2
.
.
2
1
t
=
Power and torque equation
Forward torque

Backward torque

Resultant torque

At standstill, s =1 and (2 - s) = 1
Tf & Tb are equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction, resultant torque = 0, No starting
torque in 1 I.M

s
R I
k T
f
2
2
2
.
. =
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
s
R I
k T
b
2
.
.
2
2
2
b f
T T T + =
Torque-Speed Characteristics:

Torque Vs slip curve of 1 I.M
Making self - starting
Starting winding
Main / running winding
Two windings are connected in parallel, 90
elect. Deg. apart
Phase difference between two currents close to
90 (large) motor behaves as two phase motor

Single-phase induction motor
Classified according to the methods of starting:
- Resistance start (Split-phase)
induction motor
- Capacitor start induction motor
- Capacitor start Capacitor run
induction motor
- Shaded pole induction motor
Split phase motor
The main winding is made of relatively large wire (low resistance) and large
number of turns (high inductance). Under the locked-rotor conditions, the
inductive reactance is high and the resistance is low.

So the Is lags considerably behind the applied voltage E.

The auxiliary winding has a relatively small number of turns of fine wire.
Therefore its resistance is higher and reactance is lower than that of the main
winding. So Ia is more nearly in phase with E.

The angle between Ia and Is produces the starting torque.

The line current IL is equal to the phasor sum of Ia and Is and usually 6 to 7
times the normal current.



Characteristics
T
start
= 150 to 200 % of T
f.l
.
I
start
= 6 to 8 times I
f.l
Used instead of C start motor(expensive)
P.f is 0.5 to 0.65
the efficiency is 55% to 65%.
The power rating of this motor is in the range of to 1HP.
Application
Fans and blowers, centrifugal pumps and separator,
washing machines, small m/c tools,duplicating m/c,
domestic refrigerators, and oil burners
Capacitor start induction motors
The capacitor-start motor is identical to a split-phase motor except
(1) the auxiliary winding has about the same turns as the main
winding, and
(2) a capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding.

The capacitor is chosen such that Ia leads Is by about 60 (much
more than 25 in split-phase motor).

Because of the larger angle in a capacitor-start motor, for the same
starting torques, the current in the auxiliary winding is half of the
one in split-phase motor => less heat during the starting period and
smaller locked-rotor line current IL (4 to 5 times the normal
current).

Under load condition, the capacitor-start and split-phase motors
possess the same characteristics because their main windings are the
same.

Characteristics
Tstart = 250 to 400 % of Tf.l.

P.f is 0.5 to 0.65
the efficiency is 55% to 65%.
The power rating of this motor is in
the range of 1/8 to 1HP.


Application
Mainly for hard starting
loads, compressors, pumps,
conveyors, Refrigerators, Air
conditioning Equipments and
Washing machines.
Capacitor start & Capacitor run
induction motors
Characteristics
Tstart = 100 to 200 % of Tf.l.
P.f is 0.75 to 0.9
the efficiency is 60% to 70%.
The power rating of this motor is in the range of 1/8 to 1HP.


Application
Fans, blowers and centrifugal pumps.
Shaded pole induction motor
A small portion of each pole is covered with a short-circuited, single-turn
copper coil called the shading coil.

The sinusoidally varying flux created by ac (single-phase) excitation of the
main winding induces emf in the shading coil.

As a result, induced currents flow in the shading coil producing their own
flux in the shaded portion of the pole.

The two sinusoidally varying fluxes and are displaced in space as well
as have a time phase difference (), thereby producing forward and
backward rotating fields, which produce a net torque.

It may be noted that the motor is self-starting unlike a single-phase single-
winding motor.




Characteristics
Tstart = 40 to 60 % of Tf.l.
P.f is 0.25 to 0.4
the efficiency is 25% to 40%.
The power rating of this motor ranges up to 40W.


Application
Hair driers, Fans, blowers and Motion picture projectors.

Disadvantages
Low efficiency
Low p.f
Very low starting torque
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