Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carbon and Its Bonds Polymers and Monomers - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic Acids
Carbon and Its Bonds Polymers and Monomers - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic Acids
Carbon and Its Bonds Polymers and Monomers - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
Why is carbon so important to molecules of life? A carbon atom forms four covalent bonds
Structural formula
Ball-and-stick model
Space-filling model
Methane
Methane, CH4
Figure 2.8Bx
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.1x3
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
How do cells make so many different molecules that are needed for life? Polymers are long chains of smaller molecular units called monomers A huge number of different polymers can be made from a small number of monomers
a multiple of CH2O
fuels for cellular work
Carbohydrates
PRESS TO PLAY
DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION
Figure 2.12ab
Why is sugar sweet? Molecules, including non-sugars, taste sweet because they bind to sweet receptors on the tongue
Table 3.6
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
disaccharides
Dehydration synthesis
Sucrose
Glucose
Glucose
glucose
fructose
Maltose
Figure 3.5
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) Cellulose (plants) and chitin (insects, fungi)
Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glucose monomer STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
Figure 3.7
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Starch
Cellulose
Fatty acid
Figure 3.8C
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Phospholipids
both polar and nonpolar portions
major component of cell membranes
Quic kTim e and a TIFF (Unc ompress ed) decompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture.
QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Figure 3.9
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Waxes form waterproof coatings and can prevent organisms from drying out or getting wet
Qui ckTi me and a TIFF (Uncompressed) d eco mpressor are nee ded to se e th is p ictu re .
testosterone estrogen
Cholesterol
Membranes Precursor to Vitamin D, bile salts
communication
Proteins are the most structurally and functionally diverse of lifes molecules Proteins are made from just 20 kinds of amino acids
Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids
Figure 3.12A
Amino group
Leucine (Leu)
Serine (Ser)
Cysteine (Cys)
HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC
Figure 3.12B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Peptide bonds
Carboxyl group
PEPTIDE BOND
Amino acid
Figure 3.13
Amino acid
Dipeptide
A proteins specific shape determines its function A protein consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape
shape determines the proteins function A protein loses its function when its polypeptides unravel
Figure 3.14A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 3.14B
A proteins primary structure is its amino acid sequence Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bond
Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide Quaternary structure is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein
Enzyme (sucrase)
Active site
Substrate (sucrose)
Fructose
4
Products are released
High temperature
pH, low or high
Phosphate group
Figure 3.20A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sugar
The sugar and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Figure 3.20B
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Base pair
Figure 3.20C
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2.20
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings