Before we study the digestion system, we need to know a little more about the food that we put into

it.

Why is food necessary?

-every living thing requires a constant supply of energy and molecules -The 200 000 chemical reactions that take place in the cells of your body is called metabolism

Catabolic(catabolism) large chemicals broken down into smaller

Anabolic (anabolism)complex chemicals built from smaller ones What does this sound like???

Food supplies us with: Macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats(lipids), proteins Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals Special Nutrient Water: involved in most chemical reactions in the body
We will concentrate on the macronutrients!!

What do we use macronutrients for?

make new cells replace old and/or damaged cells help tissues to grow supply energy to the cells for cellular processes, this includes the physical and mental activities of the body (this is why we eat breakfast before an exam)

Note: All the macronutrients are organic compounds (contain the element carbon)

MACRONUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS

FATS

CARBOHYDRATES (pages 242-245)

means carbon water basically sugars in the ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen formula of a hexose sugar ______________
A. Monosaccharides the simplest sugars that are the building blocks for all the other sugars
Examples are
glucose, most important sugar in the body fructose, fruit sugar galactose, makes up milk sugar

What is similar about these words? All are isomers of each other Lets see glucose! http:// Same formula, different structures cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/g

 B. Disaccharides
These are made up of two monosaccharides Examples are
Sucrose table sugar Lactose milk sugar Maltose seeds of germinating plants

Formed by the process of dehydrolysis synthesis

Taking away a water molecule to join two molecules together

What is the formula for a disaccharide? ________________________________ Did you know that someone who is lactose intolerant does not have the ability the break lactose down into the monosaccharides glucose and galactose? The build up of lactose causes discomfort!

 C. Polysaccharides Many monosaccharides joined together Some examples Cellulose component of plant cell walls that is impossible for humans to digest Starch plants store energy as starch, which is easy to digest (up to 4 hours) Glycogen animals store this form in liver and muscles, when the body needs glucose the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood (*this is not found in plants*)

 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp? http:// science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

MACRONUTRIENTS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS

PROTEINS (page 249-251)

Why do we need them? Structural components of our cells (especially nerves, muscles, skin and hair) Used to make antibodies and enzymes Can provide us with energy (not the main function) Our bodys arrangement of proteins determines who we are

What happens when we eat protein?

We digest protein into the smaller amino acids which are absorbed and stored in our cells until they are needed These amino acids are then directed by the DNA to form proteins the body needs All amino acids must be present, or the protein is dismantled

 What do they look like?

They are chains (8 thousands) of amino acids There are 20 amino acids 8 of which are essential because we cannot make them Lets see!! http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webim two amino acids join together in the process of dehydration synthesis http:// www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/ami Two amino acids are called a dipeptide Many amino acids are called a polypeptide

 Types of proteins
Primary proteins a single chain of amino acids Secondary proteins coils of amino acids Tertiary proteins the R groups interact to change coil structure Quartenary proteins different tertiary structures interact forming large structures http:// www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

 What can happen to proteins?

Denaturation small changes that occur due to heat and pH, but can be reversed Coagulation permanent damage to the protein

FYI sickle cell anemia is an error in the assembly of 2 of the 600 amino acids that make up a red blood cell, causing it to be abnormally shaped http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

MACRONUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINS

FATS (LIPIDS)

FATS (LIPIDS) Page 246-247

What are lipids?
Class of organic compounds that are non-polar so they are insoluble in water You need to be familiar with 3 types:
Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes

 Why do we need lipids?

Important for storage of energy
100 g of fat = 3870 kJ of energy 100 g of carbos = 1680 kJ of energy

Key components in cell membranes Cushions organs Needed for fat soluble vitamins Used to make hormones Used to maintain body temperature

 Types of lipids?
1. Triglycerides
Made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What do you think a diglyceride or monoglyceride looks like? http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

 Triglycerides can be:

Saturated single bonds exist between the carbons, they are stable and hard to break down so they will remain in the body longer examples are butter **animal sources**

Unsaturated double bonds can exist between carbons, makes these unstable and easy to break down examples are oils **plant sources**

 There are two types of unsaturated lipids:

Monounsaturated only one double bond

Polyunsaturated 2 or more double bonds

2. ___________________________

Made up of glycerol and 2 fatty acids and a phophate/choline group This molecule has a polar and non polar end (just like the cell membrane)

 3. Waxes
Fatty acids attached to carbon rings Very stable insoluble molecules Used for waterproofing leaves or animal fur and/or feathers

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?o =AP13204 Review:

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

MICRONUTRIENTS
Used in small quantities Cannot be used for energy
1. Vitamins
Organic compounds that act as co-enzymes (activate an enzyme)
Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K stored in fat tissues and are not excreted Toxic in large doses Water soluble vitamins B and C are not stored in body and excreted in the urine Large doses put strain on kidneys

 2. Minerals
Inorganic chemical elements
Major minerals
Required in higher doses Ca (bones), Mg, P (bones, ATP, DNA), K and Na

Trace minerals
Needed in minute amounts Includes Fe, Fl, Cu, Zn and more

ALL DONE!!!!!