WI-FI

(:Wireless Fidelity')
What is Wi-Fi?
W Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology,
which is commonly used for connecting devices in wireless mode.
W Wi-Fi is a generic term that reIers to the IEEE 802.11
communications standard Ior Wireless Local Area Networks
s).
W Wi-Fi Network connects computers to each other; to the internet
and to the wired network, using which, you can access the
internet just about anywhere & at any time, without using wires.
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Wi700ss Acc0ss P4i3ts
W Wireless access points connect a group oI wireless devices to
an adjacent wired LAN or allows wireless devices to
communicate with other wired devices.
Wi700ss Ada5t07s
W Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless
network.
W Most new laptop computers are equipped with internal
adapters.
Wi700ss R4:t07s
W Wireless routers integrate WAP, Ethernet switch, and internal
Router Iirmware application that provide IP Routing, NAT, and
DNS Iorwarding through an integrated WAN interIace.
Wi700ss Eth0730t B7idg0s
W Wireless Ethernet bridges & connect a wired network to a
wireless network.
W This is diIIerent Irom an access point in the sense that an
access point connects wireless devices to a wired network at
the data-link layer.
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W Wi-Fi products are identiIied as , and are then Iurther
identiIied by a lower case letter that identiIies which speciIic
technology is in operation. The main Wi-Fi standard
generations using in the current wireless devices are listed
below:
-
g
3 a
4 3
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Wi-Fi
T0ch344gy
R00as0
F706:03cy
Ba3d
Ba3dwidth 47
Maxi2:2
data 7at0
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7a3g0
a Sep 1999 5 GHz 54 Mbps
OFDM 50 -75 Ieet
- Sep 1999 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps
DSSS 100 -150 Ieet
g Jun 2003 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps
OFDM /
DSSS
100 -150 Ieet
3 Oct 2009
2.4 GHz,
5 GHz,
2.4 or 5 GHz
(selectable)
or
2.4 and 5 GHz
(concurrent)
150-600 Mbps
OFDM
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W Today, the industry is quickly adopting 802.11n standard in all
Wi-Fi enabled devices. This standard, will soon stage a phase
out oI 802.11b and 802.11g standards.
W 802.11n is designed to allow Ior higher throughputs, with
much lower average power consumption Ior the same
perIormance as previous standards.
W The standard also has better error correction and ability to use
and bandwidth Irom the 40MHz channel. This is much larger
than the 20MHz bandwidth, used by 802.11b.
Wi-Fi $0c:7ity L445-h40s
W Accidental association
W Malicious association
W Ad-hoc networks
W Identity theIt (MAC spooIing)
W Man-in-the-middle attacks
W Denial oI service
W Network injection
W CaIIe Latte attack
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MA ID fit07i3g:
W One oI the simplest techniques is to only allow access Irom
known, approved MAC addresses. However, this approach
gives no security against sniIIing, and client devices can easily
spooI MAC addresses, leading to the need Ior more advanced
security measures.
W Cracking utilities such as SMAC are widely available, and
some computer hardware also gives the option in the BIOS to
select any desired MAC ID Ior its built in network capability.
W Some access points can also support "AP isolation ".
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kegu|ar WL
W 1he Wlred LqulvalenL rlvacy (WL) encrypLlon sLandard was Lhe orlglnal encrypLlon
sLandard for wlreless
W WL comes ln dlfferenL key slzes 1he common key lengLhs are currenLly 128 and
236blL 1he longer Lhe beLLer as lL wlll lncrease Lhe dlfflculLy for crackers
rob|ems w|th WL
W blg problem ls LhaL lf a cracker can recelve packeLs on a neLwork lL ls only a maLLer
of Llme unLll Lhe WL encrypLlon ls cracked
W lL does noL deal wlLh Lhe lssue of key managemenL aL all LlLher Lhe keys have Lo be
manually glven Lo end users or Lhey have Lo be dlsLrlbuLed ln some oLher
auLhenLlcaLlon meLhod Slnce WL ls a shared key sysLem Lhe uses Lhe same key
as all Lhe cllenLs and Lhe cllenLs also share Lhe same key wlLh each oLher cracker
would only have Lo compromlse Lhe key from a slngle user and he would Lhen know
Lhe key for all users
W 1here are several freely avallable programs LhaL allow for Lhe cracklng of WL WL ls
lndeed a broken soluLlon buL lL should be used as lL ls beLLer Lhan noLhlng
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$tatic IP add70ssi3g:
W Disabling at least the IP Address assignment Iunction oI the
network's DHCP server, with the IP addresses oI the various
network devices then set by hand, will also make it more
diIIicult Ior a casual or unsophisticated intruder to log onto the
network.
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WAv1
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WAv2
:7703t A55icati43s Of Wi-Fi
W There are many more applications being invented, with Wi-Fi
as the core connectivity solution. Real time location based
services, based on geographic location oI access points, is Iast
gaining transactions in hospitals, mining, and large
warehouses.
W Hospitals are Iast adopting VoWi-Fi services, to enable
medical personnel to stay connected over voice and data, while
in the Iacility.
W Companies have launched dedicated VOIP phone products,
which use the 5GHz spectrum to allow Ior high Iidelity voice
and data connectivity.
Adva3tag0s
W Mobility
W Cost
W Ease oI Installation
W Speed
Disadva3tag0s
W High power consumption
W Security
W Degradation in perIormance
W Limited range
W InterIerence
F:t:70 Of Wi-Fi
tandard ke|ease Irequency 8andw|dth or
max|mum data rate
80211ac 20121013 3 8661733 Mbps
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