Dinoflagellates Trinidad

100m dysphotic

The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance.

Light Penetration in the Ocean

dysphotic

What color/wavelength of light will animals use?

Types of light production: 1. incandescence light bulb 2. luminescence- fluorescence bulb

What is the difference between these types of light? Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

What organisms that you know of have bioluminescence?

Bioluminescence evolved in several kingdoms. Evolution: In early evolution, O2 was toxic. Some organisms were able to convert it to a nontoxic substance, which had the tendency to produce photons of light. This may have had a selective advantage to some organisms. Not found in freshwater organisms.

luciferase

Luciferin + O2

oxyluciferin + light

 Bacterial Intrinsic

Photobacterium

(bacterial)
Light emitting organ

Cephalopod Photophore

Examples of Bacterial Photophores: fish, few squid, Pyrosoma (tunicate)

How do they get bacteria? organ open to exterior (provide entrance for bacteria to enter) potentially continuous luminescence

Pyrosoma

Bacterial photophores- 3 genera Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship) Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the rest (17) have make their own luminescence) Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship)

Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria

Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular)

Examples of fish that have bacterial photophores: Anglerfish (ceratioids) Pinecone fish (Monocentrids) Lantern eyes/flashlightfish (Anomalopids) Ponyfishes/slipmouths (Leiognathids) Ichthyococcus

Intrinsic photophores: 1. Widely distributed, ex. Cookie cutter shark 2. Numerous photophores 1000s 3. Make own luminescence 4. Control output of light (on and off)

Control of Bioluminescence: They can control biolum intensity by controlling blood supply to light organ (i.e., control the amt of O2 -- O2 decreases light intensity decreases)
Light control using a shield Lid Vascular control Rotation of organ

 Reproductive advantage Countershading Escape and avoid predation

Species recognition
Feeding

In evolution

Some mesopelagic copepod species are red/black in color. Why?

Malacosteus (dragonfish)

squids- looking for mates.

Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

Duncecap or helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla

Bamboo coral Keratoisis flexibilis

ostracod Ctenophore Dinoflagellate

pterapods

Firefly squid

Deep sea squid

Deep sea glass squid

Teuthowenia pellucida

Photophores on ventral surface

Deep sea gulper

Deep sea viper fish & deep sea shrimp

Black Devil Angler Fish

lure

angler fish

Inquiry
1. Define bioluminescence. 2. Who produces bioluminescence? 3. What is the difference between intrinsic and bacterial bioluminescence? 4. What is the blink and run method? 5. What is countershading? 6. What is the evolutionary advantage of bioluminescence in bacteria?