Instrument Transformers & Miniature Circuit Breakers

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By: Sidhartha Agarwal(1RV08EE049) Vipul Nidhi Jha(1RV08EE060)

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What is Instrument Transformer ?

A transformer that is used in conjunction with a measuring instrument. It utilizes the current-transformation and voltage transformation properties to measure high ac current and voltage.

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Importance of Instrument transformers

In dc circuits for current and voltage measurement we use ammeters and voltmeters. For measurement of high current ,it is usual to use low range ammeter with suitable shunt. For measurement of high voltage, low range voltmeter are used with high resistance connected in series. But for measurement of high A.C. current and voltage we cannot use these methods. They not only extend the range of the instruments but they also isolate them from high voltage and high current circuits. It produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit. 33

Types of instrument transformers

These instrument transformers are of two types:1. 2.

Current transformers Potential transformers

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Current Transformers
Current transformer normally known as C.T. is a step up transformer. These are used with low range ammeter to measure current in high voltage alternating circuits where it is not practical to connect instrument and meters directly to lines. This is step up transformer because when we step up the, voltage increases and current decreases. The current is step down in a known ratio called current ratio.
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Construction of C.T.

It can be of wound type or Bar type In Wound type-C.T. has a primary coil of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line whose current is to be measured.Wound type can be of ring or Window types. The stampings used for laminations have high cross sectional area to provide low reluctance hence a very small magnetizing current The secondary consist of large number of turns of fine wire, is connected across the ammeter terminals.

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Working

If a current transformer has primary to secondary current ratio of 100:5 then it step up the voltage 20 times and step down the current 1/20 times of its actual value. If we know the current ratio I1/I2 and the reading of a.c. ammeter, the current can be calculated. Current = ratio ammeter reading

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Importance of short ckt.

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Ammeter resistance is very low ,the current transformer normally works short circuited. If for any reason the ammeter is taken out of secondary winding then the secondary winding must be short ckted with the help of short ckt switch or connected across a low resistance ckt. Such as wattmeter or ammeter current coils. If this is not done, then due to high m.m.f. will set up high flux in the core and it will produces excessive core loss which produce heat and high voltage across the terminals.

Hence the secondary of current transformer is never left open.

Potential transformer

A PT is a step down transformer having many primary turns but few secondary turns. In step down the voltage decreases and current increases, thus voltage can be easily measured by using low range voltmeter. The voltage is stepped down in known ratio called voltage ratio.

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Construction and working of P.T.

Construction

A potential transformer has many primary windings but few number of secondary windings that makes it step down transformer. It has a larger core and shell type or core type is considered. Coaxial cables are used to provide leakage reactance As insulation is a problem at high volatges primary is divided into small sections or layers. For oil filled transformers bushings are used . Voltmeter is connected to secondary winding usually voltmeter of 150 v is suitable.

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Working
Working

Primary terminals are connected across the line to which the voltage is to be measured. The voltmeter gives the transformed

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Instrument Transformers

Advantages: 1.The normal range voltmeter and ammeter can be used to measure high voltages along with these transformers to measure high currents and volatges. 2.These transformers isloate the measurement of high voltages and currents thus ensuring safety of 1212 operator.

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Miniature Circuit Breakers

10kV Supply

Single line diagram illustrating the sequence in which CBs are employed Diagram shows how an MCB protects the circuitry

Miniature Circuit Breakers

A MCB is a mechanical switching device which is capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit

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Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)

The first characteristic is the overload which is intended to prevent the accidental overloading of the cable in a no fault situation. The speed of the MCB tripping will vary with the degree of the overload. This is usually achieved by the use of a thermal device in the MCB. The second characteristic is the magnetic fault protection, which is intended to operate when the fault reaches a predetermined level and to trip the MCB within one tenth of a second. The level of this magnetic trip gives the MCB

Type of characteristic as follows: Type B trips between 3 to 5 times full load current Type C trips between 5 to 10 times full load current Type D trips between 10 to 20 times full load current The third characteristic is the short 1717 circuit protection, which is intended

Construction and Working of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)

Parts of MCB
1.Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset the circuit breaker. Also indicates the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation. 2.Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart. 3.Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart. 4.Terminals 5.Bimetallic strip. 6.Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the device after assembly. 7.Solenoid 8.Arc divider/extinguisher

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MCB Characteristics

Thermal tripping: In this type of tripping mechanism the current is passed through a bimetal strip connected in series with a magnetic coil. Magnetic tripping: When a short circuit occurs, the heavy current in the magnetic coil produces a strong magnetic field which instantly opens the breaker Arc Extinction: facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on splitter plates facilitated by guiding the arc (via self-induced magnetic fields) on splitter plates (as illustrated in figure 7). The V-shaped

Selection of Proper MCB

For a Balanced Load for your home, First of all decide the total load of your home i.e. Total Wattage of your equipments based on equipments work on 1 phase or 3 Phase . Then divide the load on all three phases separately taking care of division as per rooms ,kitchen etc. Wiring for lighting loads & Power loads are done separately. For the selection of RCCBs,you can use RCCB 4P, 30 mA ,the Current Rating shall depend on your total load.

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Advantages of MCBs over Fuses

Advantages of MCBs :
Tripped MCB readily identified even in darkness Cannot be switched back on while fault exists trip free mechanism Enables supply to be restored immediately and easily even by untrained personnel Accepted as a circuit isolator Locking devices can be attached for maintenance purposes Do not normally require replacement

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