BEE1213 Digital Electronics

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT LOGIC FAMILY CHAPTER 7

Introduction

ICs have made digital systems more reliable by reducing the number of external interconnection from one device to another. ICs have reduced the amount of electrical power needed to perform a given function. IC cannot handle very large currents or voltages because the heat generated in such small spaces would cause temperature to rise beyond acceptable limits ICs are principally used to perform low-power circuit operations that are commonly called information processing.

Introduction
Rapidly growth from SSI, with fewer than 12 gates per chip; through MSI, with 12 to 99 equivalent gates per chip Others LSI, VLSI, ULSI and GSI There are some things IC cannot do when deal with very large current

Digital IC Terminology

VIH (min) High level input voltage. The minimum level required for a logical 1 at an input. Any voltage below this level will not be accepted as a HIGH by the logic circuit VIL (max) The maximum input voltage for logic zero VOH (min) The minimum voltage level at a logic circuit output in the logic 1 state under defined load conditions

Digital IC Terminology (cont.)

VOL (max) Low level output voltage. The maximum voltage level at a logic circuit output in the logical 0 state under defined load conditions IIH High level input current. The current that flows into an input when a specified high level voltage is applied to that input IIL Low level input current. The current that flows into an input when a specified low level voltage is applied to that input

Digital IC Terminology (cont.)

IOH

High level output current IOL Low level output current

Exercise

Describe the input and output logic for IC 7442

Fan out
Also known as loading factor Defined as the maximum number of logic inputs that an output can drive reliably A logic circuit that specify to have 10 fan out can drive 10 logic inputs

Propagation delay

Two types of propagation delay tPLH , delay time in going from logical 0 to 1; tPHL delay from 1 to 0

Noise Immunity

Stray electric and magnetic fields can induce voltages on the connecting wires between logic circuits this unwanted signal called noise These cause the input signal to a logic circuit drop below VIH (min) or rise above VIL (max) Noise immunity refers to the circuits ability to tolerate noise without causing spurious changes in the output voltage

Noise Immunity (cont.)

Figure 8-4(a) is a diagram showing the range of voltages that can occur at a logic circuit output. Any voltage greater than VOH(min) considered a logic 1 Voltages lower than VOL (max) logic 0

Noise Immunity (cont.)

Noise Immunity (cont.)

The high state noise margin VNH is defined as VNH = VOH (min) VIH (min) The low state noise margin VNL is defined as VNL = VIL (max) VOL (max)

Example 8-1

The I/O voltage specification for the standard TTL family are listed in the following table. Use these values to determine the following The maximum amplitude noise spike that can be tolerated when a HIGH output is driving an input The maximum amplitude noise spike that can be tolerated when a LOW output is driving an input

Parameter VOH VOL VIH VIL

Min (V) 2.4

Typical (V) 3.4

Max (V)

0.2

0.4

2.0

0.8

Power Requirements
Every IC need a certain power requirement to operate This power supply is come from the voltage supply that connected to the pin on the chip labeled VCC(TTL) or VDD(MOS) The amount of power require by ICs is determined by the current that it draws from the VCC The actual power is ICCxVCC

Cont.
ICC(avg)

= (ICCH + ICCL)/2 PD(avg) = ICC(avg)Xvcc

The TTL Logic Family

FIGURE 8-7

(a) Basic TTL NAND gate; (b) diode equivalent for Q1.

TTL NOR gate

TTL Data sheet

In 1964, Texas Instruments corporation introduced the first line of standard TTL ICs The 54/74 series, most widely used IC logic families The difference between 54 and 74 series is a range of temperatures IC number is the same with all series produce by different manufactures Each manufacturer however usually used the prefix that represent the special words Texas Instrument uses the prefix SN, National semiconductor uses DM etc

Supply Voltage and Temperature Range

74ALS series and the 54ALS series use nominal supply voltage (VCC) of 5V, but can tolerate a supply variation of 4.5 to 5.5V. 74ALS series can operate properly in ambient temperatures ranging from 0 to 70 degrees C, while the 54ALS series can handle -55 to +124 degree C.

Voltage Levels
Input and output voltage levels can be found on the data sheet. The min and max values shown are for worst case conditions of power supply, temperature and loading conditions

TTL Series Characteristics

We have found the type of ICs 74, 74LS, 74ALS before LS low power Schottky, ALS advance low power Schottky The function is same, but the difference is on the characteristic

TTL Data Sheet

TTL Series Characteristics

74 series of TTL offers a wide variety of gates and flip flops Consist of: a. Standard TTL, 74 series no longer be use b. Schottky TTL, 74S series c. Low-power Schottky TTL, 74LS Series d. 74AS e. 74ALS and 74F

Schottky TTL, 74S Series

7400 series operates using saturated switching in which many of the transistors, when conducting will be in saturated condition This can causes a storage time delay ts when the transistors switch from ON to OFF and effect the speed 74S series come to solve the speed problem It accomplishes this by using a Schottky barrier diode (SBD)

Schottky TTL, 74S Series (cont.)

Advances Schottky TTL, 74AS series

74AS give more advance on speed switching of TTL ICs at much lower consumption The comparison is shown in the following table for a NAND gate in each series

74S Propagation delay Power dissipation Speed-power product 3ns 20 mW 60 pJ

74A S 1.7n s 8 mW 13.6 pJ

Advanced Low Power Schottky TTL, 74ALS Series

Improved on both speed and power dissipation

74S Propagation delay Power dissipation Speed-power product 9.5 ns 2 mW 19 pJ 74AS 4 ns 1.2 mW 4.8 pJ

Example
Use table 8-6 to calculate the dc noise margins for a typical 74LS IC. How does this compare with the standard TTL noise margins ? Solution 74LS VNH = VOH(min) VIH(min) = 2.7 2.0 = 0.7 V

Example 2

Use table 8-6 to calculate the dc noise margin for all types of 74

TTL Loading and Fan Out

Determining the Fan Out

How many inputs an IC output can drive We need to know capability of the output Example How many 74ALS00 NAND gate inputs can be driven by a 74ALS00 NAND gate output

Example 8-6

Refer to the data sheet on the TI CD ROM and determine how many 74AS20 NAND gates can be driven by the output of another 74AS20