1

Hazel (2011)

---

()

(Hume)
(instinctive)

1. The Contractarian View

(extrinsic value=instrumental value)

---
1.

2.

3.

4.

2. The Utilitarian View

net increase

---
1.

2.

3.

3. The Relational View

---
1.

2.

10

4. The Animal Rights View

11


1.
2.

3.

12

5. Environmentalism

13

14

15

(Peter Singer)
Animal Liberation

(suffering)

16

(Tom Regan)

(moral rights)

(moral agents)(moral patients)

(autonomy)

17

Gary Lawrence Francione

(abolitionist theory of animal
rights)
(animal welfare)

property
(veganism)

18


Animal law courses are now
taught in 78 out of 180 US
law schools, and the idea of
extending personhood to
animals has the support of
some senior legal scholars,
including Alan Dershowitz
and Laurence Tribe of
Harvard Law School.

Alan Dershowitz

180
135

Alan
Dershowitz, Laurence Tribe

Laurence Tribe
19


Tom Regan puts it this way: the animal rights movement is a part of, not
antagonistic to, the human rights movement. The theory that rationally grounds
the rights of animals also grounds the rights of humans. Thus those involved in
the animal rights movement are partners in the struggle to secure respect for
human rights---the rights of women, for example, or minorities, or workers. The
animal rights movement is cut from the same moral cloth as these.

()
20


[
] I am in favor of animal rights as
well as human rights. That is the way of a
whole human being. Abraham Lincoln
(16th U.S. President)
[]
To my mind, the life of a lamb is no less
precious than that of a human being
Mahatma Gandhi (statesman and
philosopher)
21


101,000

60%
(soil erosion)75%
85%

22

Energy Pyramid

The above energy pyramid shows many trees & shrubs providing food and energy
to giraffes. Note that as we go up, there are fewer giraffes than trees & shrubs and
even fewer lions than giraffes. In other words, a large mass of living things at the
base is required to support a few at the top.

23

Energy Pyramid 2

16
80%95%

24

Extensive versus intensive systems

vs
(McInerney curve)

Welfare

Intensification

Hill sheep

Single suckled
cow on grass

Battery hens

Piglets: Mutilation examples

Teeth-clipping
Tail-docking
Castration
Breeding
Vaccine against
GnRH

GnRH

26

Primary welfare issues:

Intensive meat chickens

High stocking densities

Genetic selection for fast growth rate

Lameness
Contact dermatitis

Cardiac insufficiency

Severe hunger in
breeders and
elite birds
27

Foie gras
California is the first state to pass legislation

banning foie gras (it will be illegal to produce

or sell "fatty liver" by 2012).
Recognizing the cruelty inherent in foie gras
production, compassionate lawmakers have
introduced legislation in Illinois,
Massachusetts, and New York to ban the
force-feeding of ducks and geese for foie gras.
Washington and Hawaii are the fifth and
sixth states respectively to consider banning
foie gras because of the inherent cruelty
involved in force-feeding waterfowl to make
them so sick that their organs swell up to ten
times their normal size.
In 2004, In addition, 15 nations around the
world have either banned force-feeding
outright or deemed it illegal under
established animal protection laws.

28

Factory farming techniques used in

BATTERY-HENS production
http://www.aact.org.au/battery_hens.htm

Battery Cages in Hen Farms

The Battery hen spends all her life in a cage

crammed () in with up to four other birds.
Each hen stands on a space smaller than an A4
piece of paper.
Her only way out is to the slaughterhouse.
Hens are "maintained" for little or no movement
and no expression of natural behavior patterns.
Hens are painfully debeaked and sometimes
declawed.
There is no access to sunlight and fresh air.
Growing on the wire makes them difficult to
reach food and water.
Legs and feet often become crippled ()
causing large amounts of pain and abnormal
claws.
29

Factory farming techniques used in

pig production
When sows litter, piglets are kept so the
only contact between the sow and piglets
is access to the teats.

Female pigs used for breeding

(called 'breeding sows' by industry)
are confined most of their lives in
'gestation crates' which are so
small that they cannot even turn
around. The pigs' basic needs are
denied, and they experience severe
physical and psychological
disorders.

30

Factory farms for meat pigs

Factory farm pigs are typically raised in small pens with slatted () or concrete
floors and metal bars.

31

Factory-farmed ()
feedlot paradigm

Cattle farming practices such as

increasing cattle densities on feedlots,
diet supplementation, and controlled Harris Ranch (aka Cowschwitz)
feedlot in California
breeding.

Transport to the
slaughterhouse, often a long journey in crowded conditions without access
to food and water.
painlessThe wait
at the slaughterhouse followed by the slaughtering process are themselves
brutal and harmful. And the actual killing process is itself not necessarily
clean or painless.
32


In addition, the use of chemicals and hormones
to maximize yields, reduce health problems in
the animals, and speed production may also be
harmful to human consumers.

Harris Ranch (aka Cowschwitz) feedlot in

California
33

Primary welfare issues:

Dairy cows

Genetic selection for high production

Holstein Friesian (> 9000 litres per lactation)

900
Increased susceptibility to infections: Mastitis, laminitis

Metabolic disease/hunger /
Large udders, discomfort, gait abnormalities, foot
disorders
34

Primary welfare issues: Veal calves

Crates:
Restriction of normal
locomotory,

)
Nutritional deficiencies
()
Physical discomfort
Enteric disease

behaviour (oral,
social) (

(fibre, iron)

35


30%
( DDT )
55%
23%
6%
4%
(veal)
3


36

The wheel and the rack

Breaking bones is an old method
of torture. It was frequently done
by hitting the extremities or the rib
cage with a wagon wheel.
As the dislocated joint is more
painful, the torture by wheel can
be upgraded by torture on the rack.
The dislocations of joints can be
heard as popping sounds, often
mixed with the shrieks of agony.
37

(enslavement)
Many African Americans came to
Colonial America () as
captured slaves in Africa and
transported across the Atlantic Ocean
into slave markets in northern as well
as southern cities.
Once in the American colonies,
African slaves lived mainly on farms
and plantations () and could not
gain their freedom without the
permission of their owners.
38


1.

2.

3.

It is my view that the vegetarian manner of living by its purely physical

effect on the human temperament would most beneficially influence the
lot of mankind. Albert Einstein (physicist, Nobel 1921)
39

Pandoras box

40

41

(predatory animals)

1. "
2. ""

42



(1)

(2)

(sentient
creatures)
43

The animals are killed so fast that they dont

feel any pain or even know theyre being
killed; really?

Great stress occurs during transport in which

millions die miserably each year.
Only people who have never watched the process
can believe that they dont feel any pain or arent
aware that theyre being killed.

44

Captive Slaughtering
The conveyor-belt ()
approach to the slaughtering
process causes the animals to
struggle for their lives as they
experience the agony of the
fear of death. ()
Poultry is exempted ()
from the requirements of the
Humane Slaughter Act.

Head

45

Kosher and Halal Slaughter

Where an animal is hoisted()

and bled to death without prior
stunning.
Often joints are ruptured during
the hoisting, and the death is a
slow, conscious one.
The idea of a clean, painless kill
is a fantasy promulgated by
those with a vested interest in the
continuance of the practices.

46

Halal and Kosher slaughter

'must end' BBC News 10 June, 2003
The method of animal slaughter used by Jews and
Muslims should be banned immediately, according
to an independent advisory group.
The Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC), which
advises the government on how to avoid cruelty to
livestock, says the way Kosher and Halal meat is
produced causes severe suffering to animals.
Both the Jewish and Muslim religions demand that
slaughter is carried out with a single cut to the throat,
rather than the more widespread method of stunning
with a bolt into the head before slaughter.
Kosher and Halal butchers deny their method of
killing animals is cruel and have expressed anger
over the recommendation.

The Humanists
movement, which
has previously
called for the
abolition of ritual
slaughter, said
ethical values
should be put
above religious
ones.
47

Factory farming techniques used in

BROILER production
Inside view of the building
during production, which
encompassing: production
facility, feed room, heater
room, toilet, site of measuring
equipment.
Measuring equipment: left
lower, PC-linked Agilent
34970A logger for measuring
air and litter temperature and
relative humidity of air; right,
DT50 logger for measuring
the course of temperatures in
the ground

48

Factory farming techniques used in BATTERYHENS production

http://www.aact.org.au/battery_hens.htm

Battery Cages in Hen Farms

The Battery hen spends all her life in a cage

crammed () in with up to four other birds.
Each hen stands on a space smaller than an A4
piece of paper.
Her only way out is to the slaughterhouse.
Hens are "maintained" for little or no movement
and no expression of natural behavior patterns.
Hens are painfully debeaked and sometimes
declawed.
There is no access to sunlight and fresh air.
Growing on the wire makes them difficult to
reach food and water.
Legs and feet often become crippled causing
large amounts of pain and abnormal claws.
49

Basic natural behaviours

Perch
Preen ()
Dust bath
Spread wings
Quiet place to lay

50

Factory farming techniques used in battery-hens production

FORCED MOLTING
Forced-molting is done to pump a few hundred more eggs out of exhausted hens after a year
of relentless egg-laying. In nature, birds replace all their feathers in the course of a year.
To trigger the physiological
shock of the forced molt, a
University of California
poultry researcher (Donald
Bell) recommends the
removal of all food for no
less than five days and as
long as fourteen days.
Survivors may be forcemolted two or three times,
based on economics.

51

Male chicks?
Half of all chicks born are
male.
The are killed when they are
one day old.
Methods used are crushing,
mincing and suffocation().
There is no room for
sentiment in the poultry
industry.

A dumpster() behind a
hatchery for laying hens is filled
with dead and dying male chicks
who are of no economic value to the
egg industry. (Photo courtesy of
Farm Sanctuary)
52

Debeaking

"The emotion-laden word 'mutilation' is

sometimes used in removing a portion of a
hen's beak ... [However] removal of certain
bodily structures, although causing temporary
pain to individuals, can be of much benefit to
the welfare of the group." James V. Craig,
Domestic Animal Behavior.1981, pp.243-44

Animal Rights: A common treatment is to cut

off their beaks to avoid them injuring or killing
one another when they are distressed by the
harsh factory conditions.
53

Mulesing

54

Sheared
During summer months
when they often die from
heat exhaustion.
Also, sheep die from
exposure to cold after
shearing.

55

Cruelty is one fashion statement we can

all do without. <Rue McClanahan
(actress)>

The recklessness with which we

sacrifice our sense of decency to
maximize profit in the factory farming
process sets a pattern for cruelty to our
own kind. <Jonathan Kozol (author)>
56

The silkworm can feel pain

The worms are fed on mulberry leaves(). Then they will build a cocoon after 30 days(30).

The cocoon is put into boiling water, and the silk thread is then extracted().

57

Down
Live-plucking
The "lucky" birds are plucked dead.

58

Deep vegetarianism

59


2006

80%(
)
65%
(GWP)296
37%
23
64%

60

1:16
40%