NEUROANATOMY

CEREBRUM
-he cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitute the forebrain. It is the most anterior, most superior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Telencephalon refers to the embryonic structure, from which the mature cerebrum develops. The dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres. With the assistance of the cerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.

Composed of - cerebral cortex- cognition, thought and memory - basal ganglia - limbic system FUNCTION Movement Sensory processing Olfaction Language and communication Memory and learning

CEREBELLUM
is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It is also involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and probably in some emotional functions such as regulating fear and pleasure responses Memories are processed- to basal ganglia which are responsible fro storing skill memories and refining the coordination and sequence of movements

OPTIC CHIASM
The optic nerves send electrical signals from each eye to meet in the brain at the optic chiasma.

MIDBRAIN
MESENCEPHALON OR MIDBRAIN ontrols many important functions such as the visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement. Portions of the midbrain called the red nucleus and the substantia nigra are involved in the control of body movement. The darkly pigmented substantia nigra contains a large number of dopamine-producing neurons are located. The degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra is associated with Parkinsons disease.

PONS
The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture contains the sleep paralysis center of the brain as well as generating the dreams

 number of cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons: mid-pons: The chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V) mid-pons: the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) lower down in the pons: abducens nucleus (VI) lower down in the pons: facial nerve nucleus (VII) lower down in the pons: vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)

MEDULLA
The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic, involuntary functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. he medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions, and relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord. It is also responsible for controlling several major points and autonomic functions of the body: respiration chemoreceptors cardiac center sympathetic, parasympathetic system vasomotor center baroreceptors reflex centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing

SPINAL CORD
spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain (the medulla oblongata specifically). The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system. The spinal cord begins at the Occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column

FRONTAL LOBE
he frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events. Therefore, it is involved in higher mental functions. The frontal lobes also play an important part in retaining longer term memories which are not task-based. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms.

TEMPORAL LOBE
nvolved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

OCCIPITAL LOBE
visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. Corpus callosum facilitates this connection by acting as a bridge between the two hemispheres, and transmitting information from one hemisphere to the other. It also works in allocation of tasks to either hemispheres of the brain on the basis on their programming. As far as corpus callosum function in children is concerned, it is believed to play a significant role in lateralization of the brain right from the period of infancy.

PINEAL BODY
pineal body, epiphysis cerebri, epiphysis or the "third eye" is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functionsIts shape resembles a tiny pine cone (hence its name), and it is located near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two rounded thalamic bodies join.

VENTRICLES
et of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord comprises four ventricles: right and left lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle

HYPOTHALAMUS
most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamicreleasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles.