Research Methodology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ARUN S NATH ASST.PROFESSOR SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING
Presentation outline
SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011
What is research is
Research is
the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested..
Research (WHO Health research methodology, 1992, a guide for training in research methods):
Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of new knowledge. Scientific method is a systematic

body of procedures and techniques applied in carrying out investigation or experimentation targeted at obtaining new knowledge. Here research and scientific methods may be considered a course of
critical enquiry leading to discovery of facts or information which

increases our understanding of human health and disease.
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Identify problem
publication
Literature review
Report writing
Plan research design
Generalisation interpretation
Determining sample size
Hypothesi s testing
Write protocol
Presentation &analysis of results
Pilot study and main study
Ethical committee approval

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING
Basic steps of a research project

Find
a topicWhat, When Formulate questionsWhat, Why Define populationWho, When Select design & measurementHow Gather evidenceHow Interpret evidenceWhy Tell about what you did and found out
Terms
Methods/ techniques that are used for conducting research are termed as research methods or research techniques.
Eg: observation, questionnare, interview, analysis of records ,case study
Research technique : behaviors and instruments used in research operations Eg: scales, recording techniques, content analysis, collection of data
Research methodology
The research methodology indicates the general pattern to gather valid and reliable data for problem under investigation Which includes Research approach Design Setting Population
CONT..
Sample and sample size
Sampling technique
Development of tool Method of data collection Plan for data analysis
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Whats the difference between Method and Methodology

Method Techniques for gathering evidence The various ways of proceeding in gathering information
Methodology :
The underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed ,often influenced by discipline
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Choice of Methodology & Methods

Depends on
Research Questions
Research Goals

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Researcher Beliefs and Values

Researcher Skills Time and Funds
WHICH METHODOLOGY?

Research questions are key must answer the research questions Methodology guides application must be appropriate to the objectives of the body. should also discuss the problems that were anticipated and explain the steps taken to prevent them from occurring and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact was minimized . The reader wants to know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted practice in the fields of study
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Common methodologies
Methodologies are high level approaches to conducting research. The individual steps within the methodology might very based on the research being performed Two commonly used research methodologies Quantitative Qualitative
Methodology comparison
Quantitative Explanation, prediction Test theories Known variables Large samples Standardized instruments Deductive
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Qualitative
Explanation, description Build theories Unknown theories Small sample Observations, interviews Inductive
What is meant by approach?
It is a systematic ,controlled empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomenon by theory and hypothesis about the presumed relations among such phenomenon. It is the whole design including; assumptions, the process of inquiry, the type of data collected and the measuring of findings.
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Research design
A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed. It is the overall operational pattern or framework of the project that stipulates what information to be collect from which sources and by what procedures.
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What do you need to think about when Designing Research?
What is the purpose of the research? What are your units of analysis? What are your points of focus? What is the time dimension? Designing a research project: conceptualisation operationalisation. Reliability, replication and validity.
Steps in Research Design

1.
Choose a Topic.
2.
Focus research question.

Design the study. Collect the data. Analyse the data. Interpret the data.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Present the results.
Research Design
Where to start? Compile questions. Title. Background/information. Literature review. Aims and objectives. Methods. Timetable. Data analysis. Ethical issues. Resources. Dissemination?
Quantitative
The approach
Qualitative
Or both
Elements of research design
Method of data analysis
Population,sample and sampling technique
Tools &methods of data collection

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Time and place of data collection

Elements of research design
Research Designs
Definition
Research design refers to the plan or organization of the scientific investigation. Polit & Beck
Research Design is a blue print of the research study, which maximizes the control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings. Burns & Groove
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Purposes
To maximise the amount of control that an investigator has over the research situation and variable.
To increase the validity of the study in solving the problem.
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Characteristics of a Good Research Design
It should be appropriate to the research
question.
Lack of bias in the design.
Precision of the study: it is the appropriateness

of the statistical procedures used to analyse the data
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Selection of research design
Nature of the problem Purpose of the study Researchers knowledge and experience Interest and motivation Ethics and principles Participants Resources Time Possible control of extraneous variable Users of study findings
Classification of Research Designs

Quantitative Designs Quantitative research involves the systematic collection of data under considerable control, and analysis of that information using statistical procedures. 1. Experimental Designs 2. Non-experimental Designs
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Experimental Designs
3 characteristics Randomization: assigning subjects to exp & control Group as a random basis Manipulation: administering something to atleast some of the subjects in the study Control: introducing one or more control over the experimental situation by using a comparison group.
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Types of Experimental designs

A.
True experimental: all 3
B. Quasi experimental: lacks randomization
C. Pre experimental: Any 1
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A. True Experimental
1.
Pre test Post test Control Group Design Random assignment Pretest to both groups Intervention to experimental group Post test to both groups R R O1 O1 X O2 O2 (Exp) (Cont)
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2. Post test Only Control Group Design

Random assignment Intervention to experimental group Post test to both groups X O2 O2 (Exp) (Cont)
R R
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Solomon Four group Design
R R R R
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Random assignment to one of the 4 groups 2 of the groups ie., 1 exp & 1 control group are pretested. 2 of the exp group receive treatment whereas 2 of the control group do not receive any treatment. O1 X O2 (Exp) O1 O2 (Cont) X O1 (Exp) O1 (Cont)
Factorial design
Manipulates two or more independent variables simultaneously to observe their effects on the dependent variables.
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Randomized control design
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B. Quasi Experimental Designs

1.
Non Equivalent Control group Design Similar to pretest posttest control group design Except that there is no random assignment. O1 O1 X O2 O2 (Exp) (Cont)
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Time series Design

Here the researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects The experimental treatment is administered between 2 of the observations O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
O1
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C. Pre Experimental Design

1.
One shot Case study design A single group is exposed to an experimental treatment and observed after the treatment X O
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One group pre test post test design
One single group Pre test done Treatment given Post test done X O2
O1
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Non experimental Research Designs

Survey studies 2. Correlational Studies 3. Developmental research design 5. Epidemiological designs 6. Descriptive design
1.
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survey
Investigation in which self reported data are collected with the purpose of describing population on some variable of interest
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Correlational
Examining the relationship between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation or control
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Developmental
Examining phenomenon in respect to the time Two types 1. Cross sectional 2. Longitudinal
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Epidemiological
Investigation of the distribution and causes of diseases in a population is known as epidemiology
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Descriptive
Accurate description of characteristics of individual , situation or group and the frequency with which a certain phenomenon occurs in a natural setting with out imposing any control or manipulation.
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Qualitative Research Designs

Qualitative research is a systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
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Types of Qualitative Research Designs

1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
Phenomenology Grounded theory Ethnography Case study Historical research Action research
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1. Phenomenology
It is a process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons who are living the experience. The researchers goal is to understand the meaning of the experience as it is lived by the participant. Meaning is pursued through a dialogue process, which extends beyond a simple interview and requires thoughtful presence on the part of the researcher. Eg: The experience of anger among persons who have heart disease.
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2. Grounded theory

This method involves a systematic set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes. The theory is based on observations and perceptions of the social scene and evolves during data collection. The aim of grounded theory approach is to discover underlying social forces that shape human behaviour. This theory is used to construct theory where no theory exists. Eg: Women at risk for HIV - the developmental process that occurs when women become sex workers out of economic necessity .
3. Ethnography

Means learning from people This involves the collection and analysis of data about cultural group . Grasping the life ways or patterns of the people in their familiar environment.
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4. Case Study
In depth examinations of people or group of people.
5. Historical Research
Systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurences. Documents, records can be consulted.
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Action research
Seeks action to improve practices and study the effect of the action that was taken.
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Other design
1. 2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
Methodological Meta analysis Secondary data analysis Outcome research Evaluation studies Operational research
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Methodological
Research conducted to develop, test and evaluate the research instruments and methods
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Meta analysis
Quantitatively combining and integrating the findings of the multiple research studies on a particular topics
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Secondary data analysis
In which data collected in one research is reanalyzed by another researcher ,usually to test new hypothesis
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Outcome research
Involves the evaluation of care practices and systems in place. It is used in nursing to develop evidenced based practice and improve nursing actions .
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Evaluation studies
It is research design which involves the judgment about success of a programmes ,practices ,procedures or policies
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Operational research
Study of complex human organizations and service to develop new knowledge about institutions ,programmes ,use of facilities and personal in order to improve working efficiency of an organization
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Population,sample and sampling
Popu lation
Target popul ation
Acce ssible popul ation
Sampl e
Subject s
Schematic presentation of sampling
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Types of sampling technique
Probability sampling
1. Simple random sampling 2. Stratified random sampling 3. Systematic random sampling 4. Cluster /multistage sampling 5. Sequential sampling
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Non probability sampling
1. Purposive sampling 2. Convenient sampling 3. Consecutive sampling 4. Quota sampling 5. Snow ball sampling
Data collection tools

1. interview Questioning Observation Biophysiological methods Others methods
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Any questions
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Thank Q!!!
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ARUN S NATH ASST.PROFESSOR SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

interpretation of new knowledge. Scientific method is a systematic

critical enquiry leading to discovery of facts or information which

Plan research design

Determining sample size

Pilot study and main study

Ethical committee approval

Basic steps of a research project

Sample and sample size

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Whats the difference between Method and Methodology

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Choice of Methodology & Methods

Researcher Beliefs and Values

What is meant by approach?

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

What do you need to think about when Designing Research?

Steps in Research Design

Focus research question.

Present the results.

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Method of data analysis

Population,sample and sampling technique

Tools &methods of data collection

Time and place of data collection

Elements of research design

To increase the validity of the study in solving the problem.

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Characteristics of a Good Research Design

It should be appropriate to the research

Lack of bias in the design.

Precision of the study: it is the appropriateness

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Selection of research design

Classification of Research Designs

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Types of Experimental designs

True experimental: all 3

B. Quasi experimental: lacks randomization

C. Pre experimental: Any 1

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

2. Post test Only Control Group Design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Solomon Four group Design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Randomized control design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

B. Quasi Experimental Designs

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Time series Design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

C. Pre Experimental Design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

One group pre test post test design

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011

Non experimental Research Designs

SCS COLLEGE OF NURSING 03/12/2011