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Presentation ADV
Presentation ADV
\
|
=
u
*
*
ln
1
2
*
u = t
*
*
B
D
z
ln
k
1
u
u U
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
D
z
0 s s
2
*
D
z
1 C
u
u U
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
D
z
x s s
U is the maximum local velocity in the vertical distribution, D is the
water depth and B* is a correction factor. x = 0.284 and C = 6.15
were given by Engel and Krishnappan (1985). The value of B* is very
close to zero when x = 0.284, and therefore it can be neglected
n
1
*
D
z
k
n
u
u
|
.
|
\
|
=
Shear Stress Calculation
Power Profile Method
where n is a constant that depend on the shape of the
velocity distribution. Several values of n were suggested
in the literature (n = 4 or 6 or 7 or 10) based on
experimental data and similarity solutions (Raudkivi
1990).
Shear Stress Calculation
Variance and Covariance
The second moment statistics terms of the velocity fluctuations
2
u'
,
2
v'
,
2
w'
are
the local mean variance and the terms w u
' '
, v u
' '
, w v
' '
are local mean covariance
The instantaneous velocity in X, Y, and Z
directions are u, v, and w respectively.
The instantaneous values of the random
fluctuations terms u', v' and w' are
developed from the Reynolds averaging
(time-averaging) of the instantaneous
velocity.
'
+ =
'
+ =
'
+ =
w w w
v v v
u u u
Covariance Method (COV)
In the Reynolds-averaged equations, Prandtl (1925)
considered the turbulent inertia terms as if they were
stresses (Pope 2000, Schilichting 1978, and White 1991).
The turbulent inertia terms can be written as follows in
the tensor notation
Turbulent
i i
ar min La
i
j
j
i
ij
u u
x
u
x
u
' '
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= t
Shear Stress Calculation
Covariance Method (COV)
The first term represents the laminar stresses and the
second term represents the turbulent stresses. In fully
turbulent flow, the laminar stresses can be neglected. The
terms oii are considered as the normal stresses and the
terms tij are considered as the shear stresses.
Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram showing Reynolds stresses
X
Y
Z
o
XX
t
XY
o
YY
o
ZZ
t
XY
t
YZ
t
XZ
t
YZ
t
XZ
\
|
t
t
o
xz
xy
xx
yz
yy
xy
t
o
t
\
|
' '
' '
'
=
|
|
|
.
|
o
t
t
w u
v u
u
2
zz
yz
xz
w v
v
v u
2
' '
'
' '
|
|
|
|
.
|
'
' '
' '
2
w
w v
w u
Shear Stress Calculation
Covariance Method (COV)
COV is considered to give unbiased estimates of t
among the methods available to estimate t from
velocity measurements.
Equation successfully estimates t in the case of
unidirectional flow in which t
YZ
is negligible with
respect to t
XZ
since the shear stress is generated
mainly in the main direction of the flow.
) w u ( u
2
*
' '
= = t
YZ XZ total
t + t = t
( ) ( )
2 2
total
w v w u
' '
+
' '
= t