Self Perception & Self Presentation

To become a healthy person , u must understand your own self

y Find true happiness by becoming the Real you. y Use self-analysis to unleash your creative energies, and be

the person you really are. y Actualize ourselves, get in touch with ourselves y Love ourselves.

Self-awareness
y Pros: Become aware of your ideals and morals y Con: When we are reminded of our

shortcomings and become self-aware, we escape the situation (alcohol, binge eating, tv, etc.)

Defining the Self

The unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves from the outside; the picture we gain how others see us

Parts of Self
y Me ( the self is an object of Experience} y I { the self as an active agent in the environment}. y The spiritual self, which is the inner core of identity,

including the persons goals, ambitions & beliefs

y The material Self, which is the person

physical attributes. y The social Self, which is the personal identity as it is known by others. y The self extends beyond the physical body and includes a persons possessions, reputation, and family and social ties.

Self is a Social Creation

y Looking-glass self a term coined by Charles

Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reactions to us. y Who we are & alter the way we see ourselves- in the course of interacting with others.

Self development is an Ongoing Lifelong Process

y As we do whatever we do in life, y We monitor how others react to us, y The result is the we continually modify the

self.

Self is an Active Constituent In Social Life

y 1. 2. 3. 4.

The self influences us in the following manners: The way we view other people The impressions we try to create in others eyes. Our actions when we socialize with other people. The task we set ourselves etc

Multiple Selves
y A man has as many social selves as there are individuals who

recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind. y The self we present to the outside world changes, depending on who inhabits the world. y We manage impressions of ourselves at all times, presenting the Self we think others want to see.

Self-Concept: answer to the question Who Am I

It does summarize & organize our assumptions about our qualities

Types of concepts about the self (Higgins)

SelfSelf-concept Actual Definition The beliefs about the attributes one actually has The beliefs about the attributes one would like to have ideally The beliefs about the attributes one is obligated to have Example I am a caring and sensitive person; I am athletic I would love to be successful and popular

Ideal

Ought

I should be more ambitious and tough

Illustrative Self-Discrepancies
Types of SelfSelfDiscrepancies Actual/Own Ideal/Own Actual/Own Ideal/Other Induced Feelings Disappointment and dissatisfaction Shame and embarrassment Example I am dejected because I am not as attractive as I would like to be I am ashamed because I fail to be as kind a person as my parents wished me to be I hate myself because I should have more will-power willI am afraid my father will be angry with me because I did not work as hard he believes I should

Actual/Own Ought/Own Actual/Own Ought/Other

Guilt and selfselfcontempt Fear or feeling threatened

Self-Esteem
Evaluation of various self qualities and attributes. The evaluative component of self concept is known as Self-Esteem General acceptance of yourself.

Generalization &Evaluation of Self Attributes

Self-Concept 1. A student 2. Have a face 3. Posses a self Self-Esteem 1. A good student or a bad student. 2. An attractive face or non attractive face. 3. A positive self or a negative self

Self-Esteem: the degree to which you feel you are a person of worth
High Self-Esteem:
y

you respect, accept and positively evaluate your self like you feel yourself as good , decent and reasonable etc

Low self-Esteem You tend to reject, derogate and negatively evaluate your self like feel inferior, discouraged, or even worthless

Consequences of High selfEsteem

y Self-esteem affects our behavior and the way we present

ourselves to others. y Individuals with high self-esteem are more optimistic & less depressed. y They get involved in life activities with more enthusiastically. y Have leadership qualities

Effects of low self-Esteem

y Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to victim of

anxiety, depression, drug abuse, alcoholism, ulcers, insomnia. y Students with low self-esteem are less likely to be involved in class discussion & in formal groups. y People with low self-esteem are unhappy & see themselves as failures.

y They foresee failure in future as well. y They are unlikely to attempt difficult task, & quickly abandon

undertaking that present obstacles. y People with low self-esteem assume that other people will not like them. y They are awkward & fearful in social situations due to anticipatory rejection at every encounter. y People with low self-esteem experience an abiding sense of regret, as though their very existence was an offense

A negative sense of self-esteem can initiate a vicious cycle of poor performance

Low Self-esteem

Failure

Expectation of failure

Reduced Effort, Increased Anxiety

Tackling the negative impact of self-Esteem

Is it possible to change people so that they do not habitually attribute responsibility for failure to themselves & do not blame themselves all the time?

Self-Efficacy
y Self-efficacy is the belief that you can

personally produce & regulate your outcomes, y Individual sense of competency and effectiveness , y U can achieve your personal goals, no matter how great the odds against u

Impact of self-Efficacy
Feelings of self-efficacy influence many aspects of social life like 1. The careers we pick. 2. The goals we seek in our personal lives. 3. Our tolerance of pain etc
y

Self Serving bias a tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Express excuse for failures and accept credit for success These self-enhancing perceptions enable most people to enjoy the bright side of high self-esteem and avoid the dark side.

Ways of expressing self-serving bias

y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations

that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job applications) Explaining marital discord.
y Claim that we are better than average.

we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in intelligence . Construction own definitions of success

Giving importance to those things in which we are good.

y Unrealistic optimism: This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune , examples of real-estate and stock market business

y We can conclude that success in academics and

beyond requires enough optimism to sustain hope and enough pessimism to motivate concern

False consensus effect

y The tendency to overestimate the

commonality of ones opinion and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

False uniqueness effect

y The tendency to underestimate the

commonality of ones abilities and ones desirable and successful behavior

Self Presentation & Impression Management

y The display of social behaviors that establish, maintain, or

refine the impression that others have of us. y We change our behavior to play various kinds of roles & present various selves, through impression management we try to make ourselves likeable & attempt to fit the perceived notions of others

Tactics of self-presentation
False modesty Self-handicapping

Impression management
y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way

designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that corresponds to ones ideals

Self-Monitoring

1. 2.

Self-monitoring refers to our awareness of hoe we appear to others. People differ in their awareness of how their behavior appears to others

High Self-Monitors:

y Have concerned what is socially appropriate. y Are particularly sensitive to the ways in which they are viewed by

others & watch others closely for clues to appropriate behavior. y Are skillful at expressing their emotions. y Behave more in accord with what is appropriate to the situation than with their true feelings

Low Self-Monitors
y Act more impulsively. y Are not skilled at altering their behavior to suite varied

occasions. y Are less concerned about the impressions they make on other people. y Finally, tend to act out their feelings & ignore situational cues that indicate other behavior might be more appropriate.

Development of social self

y A set of positions and role performance. y Social identity. y Success and failures. y Other people's judgment. y Self and culture

individualism vs. collectivism.

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger 1954)

y Social comparison.

When do we engage in social comparison?

Who do we compare ourselves to? Similar others : self-assessment Upward social comparison: self-improvement Downward social comparison: self-enhancement

Assignment
Social Adjustment is resulted from process of Socialization while as Social Deviation is out come of negative role of agents of Socialization; Discuss.

Reference books:
y Lamberth, John.1980 Social Psychology.London:Collier

Macmillan publishers. y Papalia,Diane & Sally Wendkos Olds. 1990.A ChildsWorlds. New York: y Mc GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY. y Feldman,Robert S.1990. Psychology. New York: Mc GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY.

Self Serving bias a tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Express excuse for failures and accept credit for success These self-enhancing perceptions enable most people to enjoy the bright side of high self-esteem and avoid the dark side.

Ways of expressing self-serving bias

y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations

that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job applications) y Explaining marital discord. y Claim that we are better than average. we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in intelligence . Construction own definitions of success

Giving importance to those things in which we are good. y Unrealistic optimism: This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune , examples of real-estate and stock market business

y We can conclude that success in academics and beyond

requires enough optimism to sustain hope and enough pessimism to motivate concern

False consensus effect

y The tendency to overestimate the commonality of ones

opinion and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

False uniqueness effect

y The tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones

abilities and ones desirable and successful behavior

Tactics of self-presentation
False modesty Self-handicapping

Impression management
y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way

designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that corresponds to ones ideals