Chapter 1: Matter and Change

Presented by Jack Adons

Chemistry: A Physical Science

chemistry: chemistry: the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes chemical: any substance that has a hemical: definite composition, like sucrose

Branches of Chemistry
organic chemistry: the study of the most carbon-containing chemistry: carboncompounds inorganic chemistry: the study of non-organic substances, many of chemistry: nonwhich have organic fragments bonded to metals physical chemistry: the study of the properties and changes of matter chemistry: and their relation to energy analytical chemistry: the identification of the components and chemistry: composition of materials biochemistry: the study of substances and processes occurring in biochemistry: living things theoretical chemistry: the use of mathematics and computers to chemistry: understand the principles behind the observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

Research and Development

basic research: carried out for sake of research: increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are applied research: carried out to solve a research: problem technological development: involves the development: production and use of products that improve our quality of life

Properties of Matter
matter: matter: anything that has mass and takes up space mass: mass: the measure of the amount matter or material packed inside an object volume: volume: the 3D space or shape an object occupies and is found using v=lwh or v=lwh displacement of water extensive properties: depend on amount of matter properties: that is present, like mass and volume intensive properties: do not depend on amount of properties: matter that is present, like density, freezing and boiling

Building Blocks of Matter

atom: atom: the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element element: element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, sable substances and is made of one type of atom, like carbon compound: a substance that can be broken down compound: into simple stable substances and is made from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded, like water

Physical Properties and Changes

physical property: a characteristic that property: can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance, like melting and boiling point physical change: a change in a change: substance that does not involve a change in identity of the substance, like grinding and cutting

Physical Change

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEY0V8 BD8K4

Chemical Properties and Changes

chemical property: relates to a substances ability property: to undergo changes that transform it into different substances, like rusting of iron chemical change: a change in which one or more change: substances are converted into different substances, like combustion and decomposition reactants: reactants: substances that react in chemical reaction products: substances that are formed in a products: chemical reaction

Chemical Change

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVZYk9 C1BN8

States of Matter
solid: has definite volume and definite shape, like a piece of quartz; solid: particles are packed together and vibrate about relatively fixed positions liquid: liquid: has definite volume, but indefinite shape and assumes shape of the shape of its container, like water; particles are close together, but can move past one another gas: gas: has neither definite volume nor definite shape, like oxygen; particles move very rapidly and are at a great distance from one another plasma: highplasma: high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, like in fluorescent bulbs pressure and temperature are two factors that control the state of matter

States of Matter

Classification of Matter
mixture: mixture: a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties homogenous mixture: uniform in composition, also mixture: known as a solution, like salt water heterogeneous mixture: not uniform throughout, like oil mixture: and vinegar mixtures can be separated using filtration or vaporization pure substances: a fixed composition and differs from a substances: mixture in that every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition

Types of Mixtures

Periodic Table
each small square shows the symbol for the elements, the atomic number or the number of protons, and sometimes the atomic mass groups or families: the vertical columns of the families: periodic table, numbered 1-18 left to right 1periods or series: the horizontal rows of elements series: in the periodic table, numbered 1-7 in 1descending order the two sets of elements placed below the periodic table are called the lanthanide series and actinide series

Periodic Table

Metals
metal: metal: an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor metals are malleable, so can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets metals are ductile, so can be drawn into a fine wire most metals have a silvery or grayish white luster, except for copper and gold which are a yellow and reddish brown mercury, aluminum and copper are all examples of metals

Metals

Nonmetals
nonmetal: nonmetal: an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity gas nonmetals include nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen the only liquid nonmetal is bromine solid nonmetals include carbon, phosphorus and sulfur

Nonmetals

Metalloids
metalloid: metalloid: an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals metalloids are found between the metals and nonmetals on the periodic table metalloids are solid at room temperature boron, silicon and arsenic are all examples of metalloids

Metalloids

Noble Gases
noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table noble gases are generally inert or unreactive helium, neon and xenon are all examples of noble gases

Noble Gases