Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.

S.H.M.
Definition Properties Forced Oscillation Resonance

Definition
So...? motion Simple Harmonic Motion is a linear
such that : 1. its acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement from a fixed point (the equilibrium position), 2. its acceleration always points towards the fixed point.

Definition

acceleration

a wx
displacement 0

a Equil. position a

Mathematical Expression

a wx i.e. a !

x [

where [ is a +ve const.

Example 1
Mass-Spring System

Equil. position

Example 2
Simple Pendulum

Equil. position

Example 3
Floating Cylinder
Equil. position

a a

a a

Notes
1. The acceleration is due to the resultant force acting. 2. The system will oscillate when disturbed. The maximum displacement is called the amplitude (A).

Mathematical Derivations
Definition :

a = [x

where [ is a constant

... integrating ... integrating We obtain another four equations of motion involving a , v , x and t .

Equations of Motion (SHM)

x = A cos [t v =  [A sin [t a =  [A cos [t v = [A  x)0.5 a = [x [the definition]

Displacement-Time Graph
x
A

x = A cos [t

-A

Velocity-Time Graph
v
[A

v =  [A sin [t

 [A

Acceleration-Time Graph
a
[A

a =  [A cos [t

[A

Velocity-Displacement Graph
v = [A  x)0.5
[A

-A

0
 [A

Acceleration-Displacement Graph
a = [x [the definition] a
[A

0
-A
[A

Phase Relationship x

Properties
1. S.H.M. is an oscillatory and periodic motion. 2. The time required for one complete oscillation is called the period. 3. The period is independent of the amplitude for a given system.

Natural Frequency
When a system is disturbed, it will oscillate with a frequency which is called the natural frequency ( fo ) of the system. e.g. for a mass-spring system :

1 fo ! 2T

k m

Forced Oscillation
When a system is disturbed by a periodic driving force and then oscillate, this is called forced oscillation. Note : The system will oscillate with its natural frequency ( fo ) which is independent of the frequency of the driving force.

Example (Mass-Spring System)

Periodic driving force of freq. f

Oscillating with natural freq. fo

Resonance
When a system is disturbed by a periodic driving force which frequency is equal to the natural frequency ( fo ) of the system, the system will oscillate with LARGE amplitude. Resonance is said to occur.

Example 1
Breaking Glass System : glass Driving Force : sound wave

Example 2
Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows suspension bridge in America in 1940 System : bridge Driving Force : strong wind

Credits
Projector Leader : Kok Tak Wing Members : Wan Chun Kong Lam Mo Kit