SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Introduction;
Fulfilling the role of system development, a no. of diff. situations arise, which must be understood to facilitate decisions on the approach, strategy, technology & development. The user in the business org has become more literate in terms of knowledge, use of IT & its application in the mgt of business. The problem of meeting the changing information needs is solved by keeping the DB, & the knowledge base at Back end. There are a variety of systems where system analysis would be required.

Data processing systems TPS Functional systems Integrated systems enterprise mgt
The role of system analyst is a, business analyst, technology expert & a consultant, giving a solution to the business needs of the inform. Requirement.

Need for System Analysis;

System objective System boundaries System importance Nature of the system Role of the system as an interface Participation of user Understanding of resource needs Assessment feasibility System Analysis;
Study of end-user information requirements that is needed before the design of a new inform system can be completed.

System Design;
SD describe what a system should do to meet the inform needs of users. The strategy specifies how the system will accomplish the objectives

System Analysis of the Existing System;

Understanding the existing system Understanding the objectives achieved by the existing system Knowing whether the system is feasible in technically & operationally Evaluate the system for computerization & its placement in the total MIS design

System Analysis of a new requirements;

Definition of the system & its objectives Development of the system Installation of the system & testing Operations of the system Review & evaluation

Water fall model

INTRODUCTION The details of the waterfall model vary but two things remain constant there are boxes going from left downward to the right and there are arrow connecting each to its succesor.

DEFINITION
The water fall model is a popular version of the system development lifecycle model for software engineering. It is often considered the classic approach to the system development life cycle. In order to design a good system, traditionally, the development have used the waterfall model. This model describes a development method that is linear and sequential. Waterfall development has distinct goals for each phase of development.

 System Development Model;

We have 2 models for system development 1. Waterfall model (or) Linear sequential model 2. Spiral model

Waterfall Model;

Water fall model

Mission & Goal Information needs specifications Analysis System design Process design Testing Implementation Maintenance

ADVANTAGES
It allows for departmentalization and managerial control. Each phase of department proceeds in strict order without any overlapping.

DISADVANTAGES
It doesnt allow for much reflection or revision. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go back and change. Something that was not well though out in the concept stage.

The RAD Model

Rapid application development is an incremental S/W development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle. The RAD model is a high-speed adaptation of the linear sequential model in which rapid development is achieved by using component-based construction. If the requirement are well understood & project scope is constrained, the RAD process enables a development team to create a fully functional system within very short time period. The RAD approach encompasses the following phases;

Business modeling
The information flow among businesses function is molded in a way that answers the following questions: 1. What information drives the business processes/ 2. What information is generated? 3. Who generates it? 4. where does the information go? 5. Who process it

Data Modeling;
The information flow defined as part of the business modeling phase is refined into a set of data objects that are needed to support the business. The characterizes (called attributes) of the each object are identified & the relationships b/w these objects defined

Process modeling;
The data objects defined in the data modeling phase are transformed to achieve the information flow necessary to implement a business function. Processing description are created for adding, modifying, deleting, or retrieving a data object.

Application Generation;
RAD assumes the use of the 4th generation techniques. Rather than creating S/W using conventional 3rd generation programming languages the RAD process works to reuse existing program components or create reusable components. In all cases, automated tools are used to facilitate construction of the S/W.

Testing & Turnover;

Since the RAD process emphasize reuse, many of the program components have been tested. This re3dusede overall testing time. However, new components must be tested & all interfaces must be fully exercised.

Advantages of RAD model

Time constraints imposed on a RAD project demand scalable scope  Each major function to be completed in less than 3 months  Each major function can be addressed by a separate RAD team & then integrated to form a whole

Disadvantages of RAD model

 RAD requires sufficient human resources to create a right number of RAD team  RAD require developers & customers for rapid-fire activates  Not all type of applications are appropriate for RAD  RAD is not appropriate when technical risks are high

Business modeling

Data modeling

Process modeling

Application generation

Testing & Turnover

60 90 days

PROTO TYPE
It typically involves user and developer The developer interviews the user and develops an initial system using a DBMS The user works with the proto type and suggest changes Process will repeats until the user or developer is satisfied

Steps in system development by proto type:

System development initiated

Investigate and analyze problem sufficiently to develop workable solution

Develop prototype

Put proto type into operation

Refine and modify proto type

Complete component of system

PROCESS OF PROTO TYPE

MIS designer user

Initial interview
Build initial proto type Use proto type New version Request changes Modify proto type

Eg: Proto type of an auto-mobile-----subsequent developments made

PROCESS REPEATS UNTILL:

 User is satisfied  Formal system is built by proto type  Need for application is removed  Process never ends ADVANTAGES:  Accessible than SDLC  Users wills and wishes are satisfied  Designed to be modified from the starting  Using case tools and DBMS error free code can be generated  Helps heavily in user interaction DIS-ADVANTAGES :  Several users involves When the project will be finished? Un capability of analyst No predefined targets

SPIRAL MODEL
Spiral model proposed by Boehm 1. It is evolutionary S/W process model 2. Spiral have couple of iterative in nature of prototyping with the controlled & systematic aspects of the linear sequential model 3. It provides the potential for rapid development of incremental versions of the software 4. During early iteration, the incremental release might be paper model or prototype 5. In later iterations increasingly complete versions of the engineered system are produced Spiral model dividing into no. of framework activities, also called task Regions. Spiral model guiding the risk levels in the projects Spiral model that contains six task regions; 1. Customer communication 2. Planning 3. Risk analysis 4. Engineering 5. Construction & release 6. Customer evaluation

Data Flow Diagram

A graphical system model that shows all of the main requirements for an information system: inputs, outputs, processes and data storage  They are primarily used in the systems development process.  A data flow diagram is often the diagram of choice for modern entities.

Context Diagram
A DFD that summarizes all processing activity within the system in single process symbol.
 Describes highest level view of a system  All external agents and all data flows into and out of a system are shown in the diagram  The whole system is represented as one process  The data flows that pass between the external entities and the system.

Purpose
To identify and examine the interface between the external entities and the system.

For Example A Context Data Flow Diagram for Payroll Processing shows a context diagram for a Payroll Processing that interacts with 5 agents: Employee, Management, Government Agencies, Human Resources, Time keeping.

Symbols used in Context Diagram

 A square represents an external data
source or data destination.  A Vowel indicates a internal entity or transformation process.  A line with an arrow indicates the direction of the flow of data.

Guidelines for drawing a Context Diagram

 List potential external entities (people, places). Look for entities that  Give data to the system without explaining the process that creates that data  Take data from the system without explaining what it does with that data  Establish what flows are sent to and from the system from the external entities  Draw the context diagram

Structured systems Analysis & Design [SSAD]

Symbols;

Flow of data Example;

process of Transforming Data

Storage of Data

Entity

Order acceptance

Customer

Customer Process order Customer Order order acceptance

Product data

Customer data

Computer Systems Design;



   

Input Design Output Design Processing Design Data Specifications Procedure Design

MIS & Systems Analysis

Systems analysis plays a central role in the development of the MIS MIS lies in the information needs of the various personnel in the org across all levels of the mgt The MIS development process largely relies on the SAD as a source of the scientific development The modern MIS largely depends on how these technologies are blended with the main systems The SA begins with the O/P design The SA with its structural analysis ensures an appropriate coverage of the sub-systems MIS methodology may be the conventional design of data, DB & file approach MIS may call for an open system design Systematic approach in development helps in achieving the objectives of the MIS

BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING [BPR]

BPR is a methodology for introducing a fundamental change in specific business process & usually supported by an IS.

Business Process;
A business process is a collection of activities that --- takes one or more kinds of I/P --- create an O/P of value to the customers BPR combines a strategy of promoting business innovation with a strategy of making major improvements to business processes, so that a company can Become a much stronger & more successful competitor in the marketplace. Restructuring & transforming a business process by a fundamental rethinking & redesign to achieve dramatic improvements in the cost, quality, & speed. Example; Order Mgt Proposal Commitment Configuration Credit checking Collections delivery Billing

Duties & Responsibilities of DBA

Design of the conceptual & physical schemas Security & Authorization Data availability Recovery the data from failure Database tuning

Definition of System Analyst A system analyst is the person who selects and configures computer systems for an organization or business. The analyst must understand the general objectives of the business, as well as what each individual user's job requires.

ROLES OF SYSTEM ANALYST

Change Agent Investigator and Monitor Architect Psychologist Salesperson Motivator Politician

Change Agent
The analyst may be viewed as an agent of change.

Investigator and Monitor

In defining a problem a analyst pieces together the information gathered to determine why the present system does not work well and what changes we correct the problem.

Architect
The architect s primary function as liaison between the clients abstract design requirements and contractor detailed building plan may be compare to analysts role as liaison between the users logical design requirements in details and physical system design.

Psychologist
The analyst plays the role of a psychologist in the way he/she reaches people, interprets their thoughts, assesses their behavior and draws conclusions from these interactions.

The analyst is also playing a role as a sales persons.

Salesperson

Motivator
A candidate system must be well designed and acceptable to the user. The analysts roles as a motivator becomes obvious during the first few weeks after implementation.

Politician
Related to the role of motivator is that of politician.

RESPONSIBILTIES OF SYSTEM ANALYST

 Assists current or potential application users in identifying and describing
problems or opportunities that might be addressed either: a) by implementing a new (automated or manual) system, or b) by changing an existing application system. system solution.

 Investigates such problems and opportunities to determine the feasibility of a  Analyzes users business requirements in detail.  Assists and guides prospective users of a proposed new or changed system in:
a) quantifying the benefits of having the system, and b) assessing the impact of the system on their organization and on the operation of their business. Obtains rough estimates of the cost of operating and maintaining a proposed new or changed system.

 Assists the project manager in identifying the resources needed to implement

a new system: a) the cost of developing or changing the system, b) the duration of a project to do so.

 It analyze the costs, benefits, risks, and return-on-investment of the proposed

Deciding whether to proceed with the implementation. Prepares, in consultation with users, implementers and
operations representatives, the acceptance test plan for any new or changed system.

Assists the users in preparing for the installation and

start-up of any new system being implemented.

Ditties & Responsibilities of DB Designer

Identifying the data to be stored in the DB & for choosing appropriate structures to represent & store this data DB designer to comm. With all prospective DB users In many cases, the designers are on the staff of the DBA DB designers typically interact with each potential group of users