http://www.nearingzero.net (work005.

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Comment on exam scores

y FS2011 Exam 2 grade distribution (regrades not included)

I need to comment on grading of problems 7 and 10a.

Announcements
y Special Homework #6 is due tomorrow. Download it from the Physics 24 web site if you don t pick it up today. y Homework note: use the Biot-Savart Law if you must calculate the magnetic field of a ring or coil. Don t start with a random equation from the text or lecture notes. Example: Special Homework #6. For the loop, start with the Biot-Savart Law.

Today s agenda: Magnetic Field Due To A Current Loop.

You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a current loop.

Ampere s Law.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry current configurations.

Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere s Law to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.

Magnetic Field of a Current Loop

A circular ring of radius a carries a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at a point P along the axis of the ring at a distance x from its center. Complicated diagram! You are supposed to visualize the ring lying in the yz plane.
y

dl
U a

dB

& r
90-U x

dBy U P dBx

dl is in the yz plane. r is in the xy plane and is perpendicular to dl.* & Thus d " v r = d".

Also, dB must lie in the xy plane* (perpendicular to dl) and is perpendicular to r.

*Only when dl is centered on the y-axis!

& dB =

& 0 I d" v r 4 r2
I
0

dl r
U a x

dB

I d" dB = 4 r2 I d" dB = 4 x 2  a2
0 0

& r
90-U

dBy U P dBx

I d" I d" a 0 dB x = cosU = 1/2 2 2 4 x  a 4 x 2  a2 x 2  a2 I d" I d" x 0 dB y = sinU = 1/2 2 2 4 x  a 4 x 2  a2 x 2  a2

0

By symmetry, By will be 0. Do you see why?

I dl

r
z

& r
x

dBy dBz P dBx x

When dl is not centered at z=0, there will be a z-component to the magnetic field, but by symmetry Bz will still be zero.

dB x =

I a d"

x  a
2

2 3/2

dl r
U a

dB

& r
90-U x

dBy U P dBx

Bx =

ring

dB x
z

I, x, and a are constant as you integrate around the ring! Bx =

0

Ia x2  a 
0 2 3/2

ring

d" = 4

Ia x2  a 
2 3/2

2Ta

Bx =

I a2
2 3/2

2 x  a
2

This is not on your starting equation sheet. I will add it if we have homework or a test problem where I judge that you need it.

At the center of the ring, x=0.

I

dl r
U a x

dB

B x,center =

2 a

I a2
2 3/2

& r
90-U

dBy U P dBx

I a2 0 0 I B x,center = = 3 2a 2a For N tightly packed concentric rings (a coil)

0 NI B x,center = 2a This is not on your starting equation sheet, but I will add it if we have homework or a test problem where I judge that you need it. For homework, if a problem requires this equation, you need to derive it!

Magnetic Field at the center of a Current Loop

A circular ring of radius a lies in the xy plane and carries a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at the center of the loop. One-page derivation, so you won t have to go through all the above steps (I will work it at the blackboard)! (reward for students who attend lecture) The direction of the magnetic field will be different if the plane of the loop is not in the xy plane.
Homework hint: use this derivation in Special Homework #6.

dl
a z

I ll explain the funny orientation of the axes in lecture.

Quiz time (maybe for points, maybe not!)

Today s agenda:
You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a current loop.

Magnetic Field Due To A Current Loop.

Ampere s Law.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry current configurations.

Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere s Law to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.

Ampere s Law
Just for kicks, let s evaluate the line integral along the direction of B over a closed circular path around a current-carrying wire. & & B ds = B ds = B 2 r & & B ds & & I B ds = 0 2 r = 2 r I I B r
0

ds

The above calculation is only for the special case of a long straight wire, but you can show that the result is valid in general.

& & B ds =

Ampere s Law

I is the total current that passes through a surface bounded by the closed (and not necessarily circular) path of integration. Ampere s Law is useful for calculating the magnetic field due to current configurations that have high symmetry. The current I passing through a loop is positive if the direction of integration is the same as the direction of B from the right hand rule. I positive I B r ds negative I B r I ds

Your text writes

& & B ds =

Iencl

because the current that you use is the current enclosed by the closed path over which you integrate. & & Your starting equation sheet has B ds =
now.

d*E 0 I encl  OI  dt

The reason for the 2nd term on the right will become apparent later. Set it equal to zero for

If your path includes more than one source of current, add all the currents (with correct sign). & & B ds =
0

I1 - I2

I1 I2 ds

Example: a cylindrical wire of radius R carries a current I that is uniformly distributed over the wire s cross section. Calculate the magnetic field inside and outside the wire. Cross-section of the wire:  direction of I B R r

I R

Choose a path that matches the symmetry of the magnetic field (so the dot product and integral are easy to evaluate); in this case, the field is tangent to the path.

& & B ds =

Iencl =

A enclosed by r = 0I A enclosed by R

 r = I R
2 2

r2 0I 2 R

Over the closed circular path r: & & B ds = B ds = 2 rB Solve for B: r2 2 rB = 0 I 2 R r2 B= 0I = 2 2 rR B is linear in r.

 direction of I B R r

r 0I = r 0I 2 2 2 R 2 R

Outside the wire: & & B ds = B ds = 2 rB = I B= 2 r

0

 direction of I
0

I R r B

A lot easier than using the Biot-Savart Law!

(as expected). Plot:

B

Calculating Electric and Magnetic Fields Electric Field in general: Coulomb s Law for high symmetry configurations: Gauss Law Magnetic Field in general: Biot-Savart Law for high symmetry configurations: Ampere s Law

This analogy is rather flawed because Ampere s Law is not really the Gauss Law of magnetism.

Possible Demos (depends on time available)

Demo: magnetic field of a current loop.

Demo: magnetic field of a solenoid.

Demo: a solenoid application.

Today s agenda:
You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart Law to calculate the magnetic field of a current loop.

Magnetic Field Due To A Current Loop.

Ampere s Law.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field for high-symmetry current configurations.

Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere s Law to calculate the magnetic field of solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations derived with Ampere s Law to make numerical magnetic field calculations for solenoids and toroids.

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid A solenoid is made of many loops of wire, packed closely* together. Here s the magnetic field from a loop of wire:

Some images in this section are from hyperphysics.

*But not so closely that you can use NI

B=

2a

Stack many loops to make a solenoid:

Ought to remind you of the magnetic field of a bar magnet.

888888888888 B            I l You can use Ampere s law to calculate the magnetic field of a solenoid. & & & & & & & & & & B ds = B ds  B ds  B ds  B ds & & B ds = B" =
1 2 3 4

B" 

0 =

Ienclosed

0NI

N is the number of loops enclosed by our surface.

888888888888 B            I l N I " nI

B= B=

Magnetic field of a solenoid of length l , N loops, current I. n=N/l (number of turns per unit length).

The magnetic field inside a long solenoid does not depend on the position inside the solenoid (if end effects are neglected).

A toroid* is just a solenoid hooked up to itself. & & B ds =

0

Ienclosed =

NI

& & B ds = B ds = B 2 r B 2 r =
0NI B= 2 r 0

NI
Magnetic field inside a toroid of N loops, current I.

The magnetic field inside a toroid is not subject to end effects, but is not constant inside (because it depends on r).
*Your text calls this a toroidal solenoid.

Example: a thin 10-cm long solenoid has a total of 400 turns of wire and carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the magnetic field inside near the center. B= N "

-7 T m 400 B = 4 10 2 A A 0.1 m B = 0.01 T

Help! Too many similar starting equations! I B= 2 r

0

long straight wire

use Ampere s law (or note the lack of N)

NI B= 2a
0

center of N loops of radius a

probably not a starting equation

B= B=

N I "
0

solenoid, length l, N turns

field inside a solenoid is constant

nI

solenoid, n turns per unit length

field inside a solenoid is constant

NI B= 2 r
0

toroid, N loops
field inside a toroid depends on position (r)

How am I going to know which is which on the next exam?