The Electron Transport Chain

2H+ + O + 2e -

H 2O

NAD H + H+

Cyto b FMN H2 +3 +2

Cyto c

Cyto a + a3

COMPLEX I

CoQH2

Fe

+3 +2 Fe

+3 +2 Fe

FAD H2

COMPLEX III

COMPLEX IV

COMPLEX V

COMPLEX II Free Energy

ETC ends here, when hydrogen finally combines with oxygen to form water

When free energy drops, it means the rxn provides adequate energy for work: in this case, pumping of H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

Chemiosmotic Theory

LESS ACIDIC LOWER POTENTIAL ENERGY H+ LESS POSITIVE

MATRIX
H+ H+ H+ H+
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (VOLTAGE) H+

ADP + Pi
Releases energy H+

ATP

III

IV

MORE H+ POSITIVE MORE ACIDIC HIGHER POTENTIAL ENERGY

H+ H+ H+

H+ H+

H+ H+

H+

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The Kreb Cycle

General Info
Also called Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle Occurs inside the matrix of mitochondria Uses Acetyl CoA as its raw material 1 Acetyl CoA is used up per cycle. Provides 4 pairs of hydrogens, 3 of which are picked up by the NAD and 1 by the FAD Gives off 2 molecules of CO2 per molecule of Acetyl CoA (or per cycle) Produces 1 GTP per cycle, which is convertible to ATP

FUNCTIONS
Produces most of the CO2 Source of pairs of H which drive the ETC Means by w/c excess energy is available for fatty acid biosynthesis Provides important precursors needed for biosynthesis of essential biomolecules Some of its components provide direct or indirect control of other enzymes.

SUMMARY
2-carbon molecule (acetyl CoA) attaches to a preexisting 4-carbon molecule (Oxaloacetate) to form a 6-carbon compound (citrate) Then, one by one, 2 carbons will leave the structure consecutively as CO2 From 6 to 5 to 4-carbon remnant molecule. The 4-carbon remnant molecule will be converted back to oxaloacetate The oxaloacetate is again ready to accept a new acetyl CoA for another cycle.

Carbohydrates digestion Glucose glycolysis pyruvate

Lipids digestion Fatty acid Betaoxidation

Protein digestion Amino acid Catabolism of amino acid

1 9

2 3

This is a bridge reaction between glycolysis and the Kreb cycle

8 4 7 5 6

ACETYL CoA
H H
This hydrogen will cleave and the bond will be used to attach to oxaloacetae

=raw material for Kreb cycle

O C H C
SCoA OH

CS bond is a high energy bond

ACETIC ACID

Acetyl CoA attaches here. The reaction involved is the typical nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl group
- Preexisting inside the matrix

H - OOC C H C O COO -

OXALOACETATE

The Individual Reaction of the Kreb Cycle

Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate

H H C H

H H C C
Undergoes Acetyl CoA oxidation Undergoes This product, w/c is now decarboxylation in the matrix, needs a preexisting oxaloacetate to entre the kreb cycle HO CoAS

+
C

CoASH + NAD

+
O

NADH

CO2

C -O
pyruvate

Of ETC

Occurs inside the matrix Bridge between glycolysis and the Kreb cycle Provides 1 pair of H to the ETC via the NAD

Synthesis of Citrate
Regulates the Kreb cycle Citrate inhibits phosphofructokinase, the rate setting enzyme for glycolysis Citrate activates acetyl CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting step for fatty acid synthesis

-O C H H C

H O C
CoAS

O
H
-O CoAS

OH

C O

O-

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate citrate

-O C H -O C O C C

Isomerization of Citrate
H
Oxaloacetate component OH H

OH H

Acetyl CoA component

C O O-

Isocitrate Citrate

Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate

Another rate-limiting step 1st decarboxylation One pair of H w/c is swiftly handed to the NAD of the ETC

-O C H C

O
H C

-O

OH

isocitrate A-ketoglutarate

C O O-

Oxidative decarboxylation of aKetoglutarate O -O

C H
CoAS H
2nd decarboxylation Another pair of H given to the NAD of ETC Succinyl CoA is also formed from fatty acids with odd # of carbons

C
CoAS

A- Succinyl-CoA ketoglutarate
O

C O O-

Cleavage of Succinyl CoA

-O C H C

Succinate Succinyl CoA

Succinyl CoA is used in biosynthesis of Heme This rxn produces GTP which is convertible to ATP This type of ATP production w/out using the ETC is called substrate level phosphorylation

C C

-O CoAS

Oxidation of Succinate
-O C O

Fumarate Succinate
Another pair of H is produced here, but this time it is the FAD in the ETC accepts the pair

C -O

Hydration of Fumarate
-O C
H

H
OH

HOH

C C

-O

L-Malate Fumarate

Oxidation of L-Malate
-O
The last pair of H produced by the cycle

O C

L-Malate

H
OH

Oxaloacetate

The pair of H is accepted by the NAD of ETC

C C

The cycle returns to oxaloacetate

-O

ATP produced Per Cycle

Note that each cycle uses one Acetyl CoA
Total # of Pairs of Hydrogen produced = 4 pairs Each pair can produce 9 3 pairs X 3 ATPs = ATPs 1 pair Each pair can 2 = produce 2 ATPs ATPs Each GTP Can 1 be converted to = ATP 1 ATP Substrate level phosphorylation X

# of pairs of H received = by the NAD # of pairs of H received = by the FAD

Oxidative phosphorylation

# of GTP produced

= 1 GTP X

Total

12 ATPs per cycle