PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY (BIO1100) PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY LAB (BIO1100L)

NG TH PH

NG TH O

Doctor of Philosophy Specialized on Applied Biology

 Cancer is a group of many related diseases. All cancers begin with cells the basic unit of life To understand about cancer, we have to study about what happen when a normal cell become cancer cell. Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.

Characteristics of cancer cell

Do not stop reproducing: billions of copies of the original cancerous cell make up tumor

Benign tumors: not cancer

Malignant tumors: cancer

Do not obey signals from other cells:

 Do not stick together : Cancer cells can lose the molecules on their surface that keep normal cells in the right place. So they can become detached from their neighbors.

Do not specialize, but stay immature: Unlike normal cells, cancer cells do not carry on maturing once they have been made. In fact, the cancer cells can become even less mature over time.

Telomere Length and Cell Division Potential

20

Germ Cells (Telomerase Positive)

Telomere Length (humans)

10

Normal Somatic Cells (Telomerase Negative)

+ Telomerase

Cellular (Replicative) Senescence

Number of Doublings

Telomeres and Cell Senescence

Telomeres, Telomerase & Cancer

Normal cells
Reproduce themselves exactly Stop reproducing at the right time Stick together in the right place Self destruct if they are damaged Become specialize or mature

Cancer cells
Don't stop reproducing Don't obey signals from other cells Don't stick together Don't specialize, but stay immature

Grade and cancer cells

This means how well developed or mature the cells look under a microscope  The more normal a cancer cell looks, the lower its grade  The more abnormal or less well developed a cancer cell is, the higher its grade Grade 1 (Low Grade or Well Differentiated) cancer cells still look a lot like normal cells. They are usually slow growing Grade 2 (Intermediate/Moderate Grade or Moderately Differentiated) cancer cells do not look like normal cells. They are growing somewhat faster than normal cells. Grade 3 (High Grade or Poorly Differentiated) cancer cells do not look at all like normal cells. They are fast-growing.
grade is a useful indicator. Grade is one of the factors doctors use to decide on treatment with some types of cancer

=>Never stop dividing is the characteristic of cancer cell

Chemical Carcinogens

A l co h o l

To b a c co

Cause lung, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney ..etc

CANCER

Ionizing radiation

GAS
SUNLIGHT,
MOBILE PHONES

HIV is associated with malignancies

HPV is associated with anal cancer, cervical cancer

Family history of cancer

Poor Diet

Being Overweight

Lack of Physical Activity

Remove completely the cancer cells without damage to the rest of the body

 The location and grade of the tumor  The range of disease., As well as the general state of the patient (performance status)

1 st : S u r g e r y
Tumor grow locally spread to the lymph nodes to the rest of the body Non-hematological cancers can be cured if removed by surgery but this is not always possible. When the cancer has metastasized to other location in the body, we can not excise completely Apply on small cancers. Necessary for staging(determining the extent of the disease and whether it has metastasized to regional lymph nodes) Apply for : breast cancer and prostate

2nd: Radiation therapy

(Also called X-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors

The goal of radiation therapy : to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. Radiation therapy can be administered : Externally via external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) Internally via brachytherapy. brachytherapy. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly.

USED TO TREAT ALMOST EVERY TYPE OF SOLID TUMOR

 The treatment of cancer with drugs that can destroy cancer cells.( anticancer drug)  Interfere with cell division in various ways : the duplication of DNA or the separation of chromosomes  Harm to healthy tissue but they can repair themselves after chemotherapy  Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. ( combination chemotherapy )  This treatment ablates the bone marrow, and then the body's ability to recover and repopulate the blood.

4th : Targeted therapies

 First be available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact in the treatment of some types of cancer.  This constitutes the use of agents specific for proteins of cancer cells. Small molecule targeted therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic (enzyme) domains on mutated, overexpressed or otherwise major proteins in cancer cell.

Monoclonal antibody therapy

Another strategy in which the therapeutic agent is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the surface of the cancer cells Apply for :  Include the anti-her2/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) used in breast cancer  The anti-cd20 antibody rituximab, used in a variety of b-cellmalignancies.

Photodynamic therapy
 A ternary treatment for cancer involving a photosensitizer, tissue oxygen, and light (often using lasers).  Photodynamic therapy can be used as treatment for basal cell carcinoma (bcc) or lung cancer  Photodynamic therapy can also be useful in removing traces of malignant tissue after surgical removal of large tumors.

Immunotherapy
 Induce the patient s own immune to fight the tumors.  Applying in superficial bladder cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma patients.  A form of immunotherapy: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hormonal therapy
Some cancers growing can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Ex : breast and prostate cancers

Angiogenesis inhibitors
Prevent the extensive growth of blood vessels that tumors need to survive Problem : many factors stimulate blood vessels growth but antiangiogenesis drugs only target one factor.

Treatment trials
Clinical trials check new treatments in cancer patients. Many types of clinical trials are tested such as new drugs, new approaches to surgery, radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods.

Medicine
Applications in medicine:
Pharmacogenomics Drug production Genetic testing Gene therapy

1. Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how the genetic inheritance of an individual affects his/her body s response to drugs. The vision of it is to be able to design and produce drugs that are adapted to each person s genetic makeup .

1. Pharmacogenomics
Benefits:
Development of tailor -made medicines More accurate methods of determining appropriate drug dosages Improvements in the drug discovery and approval process Better vaccines