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Lecture 20, Ch. 45
Lecture 20, Ch. 45
◆ Chapter 45 ~
Chemical Signals in
Animals
Regulatory systems
◆ Hormone~ chemical signal secreted into
body fluids (blood) communicating
regulatory messages
◆ Target cells~ body cells that respond to
hormones
◆ Endocrine system/glands~ hormone
secreting system/glands (ductless);
exocrine glands secrete chemicals
(sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts
◆ Neurosecretory cells~ actual cells that
secrete hormones
◆ Feedback mechanisms ~ negative and
positive
Local regulators: cells adjacent to or near point of secretion
◆ Growth factors ~
proteins for cell proliferation
◆ Nitric oxide (NO) ~
neurotransmitter; cell destruction; vessel
dilation
◆ Prostaglandins ~
modified fatty acids secreted by placenta and
immune system; also found in semen
Mode of Action: Chemical Signaling
◆ 1- Plasma membrane reception
• signal-transduction pathways (neurotransmitters, growth factors, most
hormones)
◆ 2- Cell nucleus reception
• steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, some local regulators
Vertebrate Endocrine System
◆ Tropic hormones ~
a hormone that has another
endocrine gland as a target
◆ Hypothalamus~pituitary
◆ Pituitary gland
◆ Pineal gland
◆ Thyroid gland
◆ Parathyroid glands
◆ Thymus
◆ Adrenal glands
◆ Pancreas
◆ Gonads (ovary, testis)
The hypothalamus & pituitary, I
◆ Releasing and inhibiting hormones
◆ Anterior pituitary:
◆ Growth (GH)~bones
√gigantism/dwarfism
√acromegaly
◆ Prolactin (PRL)~mammary glands;
milk production
◆ Follicle-stimulating (FSH) &
◆ Luteinizing (LH)~ovaries/testes
◆ Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)~ thyroid
◆ Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)~
adrenal cortex
◆ Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
◆ Endorphins~natural ‘opiates’; brain
pain receptors
The pituitary, II
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