Safety aspects in enzymatic production of prebiotic galactogalactooligosaccharides from lactose

Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal Assistant Professor Department of Food and Nutrition, UVAS, Lahore Pakistan

Outlines
Probiotics y Prebiotics y Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) y Transgalactosylation y -galactosidase source y Lactobacilli y Conclusion
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Probiotics
Gastrointestinal tract
Complex ecosystem y Microorganisms Pathogenic and beneficial y GIT microbiota balance and health
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Probiotics
FAO-WHO definition Live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic strains Lactobacillus species (L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L. rhamnosus, L. johansoni, L. sakei, L. plantarum) Bifidobacterium species (B. longum, B. breve, B. bifidum)
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Probiotics
Proved and postulated health benefits
Lactose malabsorption y Intestinal infections e.g. antibiotic associated dirrhea y Immune stimulation y Digestive aid and nutritional effects
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Mechanisms of protection
competition for nutrients, secretion of antimicrobial substances like bacteriocins, reduction of gut pH through SCFA formation, blocking of adhesion sites and toxin receptor sites, immune stimulation

What ever the mechanism is, they are beneficial and their number in the 1/25/2012 should be increased GIT

Probiotics
Four possible ways to change GIT mircobiota
Addition of desired microorganisms to GIT y Feeds to encourage desired species y Alteration of physical and chemical features of the gut environment y Selective removal of undesirable or pathogenic species
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Prebiotics
Gibson and Roberfroid in 1995. Prebiotics are a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microbiota that confers benefits upon host well-being and health
Scientific criteria: (i) resistance to gastric acidity, hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes and gastrointestinal absorption; (ii) substrate of fermentation by intestinal microorganisms belonging to the human microbiota; (iii) selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of intestinal bacteria associated with health and wellbeing
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Prebiotics
Food grade commercial prebiotics  Lactulose  Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)  Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)  Isomalto-oligosccharides  Lacto-sucrose  Gentio-oligosaccharides  Xylooligosaccharides The firm`s Strategic Analysis of the European Human Food and Beverage Prebiotics Markets
 295.5 Million in 2008  766.9 Million in 2015  Annual growth rate 14 % 1/25/2012

GalactoGalacto-oligosaccharides
Principally defined as

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