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Power Transmission
Power Transmission
) Laws of thermodynamics, P-V work in various processes, Application of 1st law in different processes, Entropy and Enthalpy, Ideal gas equations and Cp & Cv, Heat engine 2. Energy conversion devices Package Boiler, reciprocating compressor, rotary compressors 3. Power Plants Thermal, Hydroelectric 4. Introduction to manufacturing processes and Their Applications: Casting, Sheet metal forming, Sheet metal cutting, Forging, fabrication, Metal joining processes.
EME, to be covered
y Power Transmission Devices
y Types of Belts and belt drives, Chain drive, Types of gears, Types of
Couplings, friction clutch (cone and single plate), brakes (types and applications only) Applications of these devices
y Machine elements: y Power transmission shafts, axles, keys, bush and ball bearings, Flywheel and Governors
y Mechanisms:.(Descriptive treatment only)
y Slider crank mechanism, Four bar chain mechanism, List of various
inversions of Four bar chain mechanism, Geneva mechanism, Ratchet and Paul mechanism
Belt Drives
y Advantages y Simple and economic y No need of parallel shafts, tolerates misalignments y Vibrations, load fluctuation damping y Overload, jam protection y High efficiency (95%) y Disadvantages y Non positive drive y Angular velocity ratio is not constant. Slip is present y Heating limits maximum speed. y Power transmission limited to 350 kw. y Installation arrangements needed for endless belts
y dL - Diameter of the larger pulley y dS Diameter of the smaller pulley y L- Angle of wrap of the larger pulley y S Angle of wrap of the smaller pulley y C- Center distance between the two pulleys L
y Cross Belt drive y Driver and follower move in opposite directions y Provides more angle of contact, hence lesser slip
Law of Belting
y The centre line of belt approaching
Types of Pulley
y Idler Pulley y Intermediate Pulley y Loose and Fast Pulley y Guide Pulley (To satisfy law of belting) y Crowning of Pulley
y Edge E has more tension than F. It pushes
T2)v
and allowable T, find power transmission. OR for necessary power transmission, find belt parametres (Tutorial)
Creep
y Tension on belt changes from T1 to T2. This causes sliding of belt on pulley. This is called creeps y Creep reduces the VR, and hence reduces power transmission
V Belt
y For large power transmission y For short centre distances y No slipping of belt y Can be used in groups
y 2B = angle of groove
Example
y A flat belt 8 mm thick and 100 mm wide y It is running at 1600 m/min y The mass of belt 0.9 kg/m y Angle of lap in smaller pulley is 165 y Coefficient of friction 0.3 y Max permissible stress in belt 2 MN/m y Find y Max power transmitted
Solution
y Tmax = stress * area
= 2 * 10 * 0.008 * 0.1 = 1600 N Tc = mv = 0.9 * 26.67 = 640 N T1 = Tmax Tc = 960 N = e(0.3 * 165 *3.14/180) = 2.373
Chain Drives
y Positive drive y Used in Chain-sprocket pair y Noisy on high speed y Suitable for low to medium power y Needs lesser adjustment, has no slipping off y Permits good variation in centre distance y Types y Roller chain y Silent chain
Roller Chain
y Has rollers to reduce friction with sprocket y All contact surfaces are hardened to reduce wear
silent y Teeth meets the contact faces on sprockets y Teeth angle 60 to 75 degree
Polygonal Effect
y Chain drive has constant velocity ratio over the
Gear drive
y y y y
y Types of Gears y Spur gears y Helical gears y Bevel gears y Worm gears y Rack and pinion y Spiral gears
Spur Gears
y Parallel shafts y Teeth are parallel to shaft y Where have you seen it?
Helical Gears
y Helical Gears y Parallel shafts y Teeth have helical path y Mating gears have equal helix angle and opposite hand y No tooth impact. Gradual contact of tooth y Smooth, Silent, used at high speed y Generates axial thrust y Double helical gears y No axial thrust y Difficult to manufacture y Herringbone gears y Double helical gear with grove
Helical Gears
Helical Gears Double helical gears Herringbone gears
Bevel Gears
y Conical form y Intersecting shafts (Mostly at 90) y Straight Bevel gears y Teeth are radial y For low speed y Spiral bevel gear y Teeth are arc y For high speed
Bevel Gears
Straight bevel gears Spiral bevel gears
Bevel Gears
y Animation
line
Gear Terminology
Law of gearing
y Common normal at point of contact should pass from
Involute Profile
Cycloidal Profile
Gear trains
y To achieve high increment/decrement in
= Td/Ta
A B C D
N3=N2 N1/N2 * N2/N4 =N1/N4 So N1/N4 = T2/T1 * T4/T3 Speed of Driver/Follower =Product of teeth of Followers/Drivers
Condition Fix the arm. Rotate gear 1, one revolution clockwise Wheel 1 rotated m revolution Add n revolutions
Arm 0 0 n
Gear 1 +1 m m+n
Couplings
y Rigid or fast coupling y Muff coupling y Flange coupling y Does not permit axial misalignment y Non Rigid couplings y Connect shaft not in alignment y Pin type flexible coupling y Oldhalm coupling y Hook s joint
Muff coupling
y Uses key
Flange coupling
y Most widely used y Medium to heavy duty y Need space y Unprotected/protected
Oldham coupling
y Permits shaft offset
Clutches
y Permits connect or disconnect between shafts y Can provides partial transmission of power y Between engine and gearbox y Types of clutches y Positive: engage/disengage y Friction: provide partial power transmission, generate heat
Jaw clutch
y Jaw and toothed type clutch
Disc clutch
y Less heating, limited power, y Handle shock, y Handle acceleration y Uses Spring force to connect y Can be multidisc
Continue clutch
Cone clutch
y Less axial force needed
Centrifugal clutch
Brakes
y Frictional resistance to stop machine motion y Used in automobile, lift, hoist y Converts kinetic energy into heat y Difference between Clutch and Brake y Types of mechanical brakes y Block or shoe brake y Band brake y Band and block brake y Internal expanding brake
Band brake
y Steel and with friction lining, ropes, leather y Hoist, Merry go round
Disc brake
Dynamometers
y Measure the power transmission y Measure torque y Measure speed by tachometer y Absorption type
y y
Dissipate the energy Used for automobile engines, motor, turbines Does not absorb power Used in marine engines
y Transmission type
y y
y Lets calculate