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Machine Elements
Machine Elements
Machine Elements
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Power transmission shafts and Axles Keys Bush and ball bearings Flywheel Governors
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Shafts transmits power Supports pulley, gears Takes bending and torsion load Ex, shaft between engine and rear wheels Rear wheel drive shaft
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Axle takes only bending Axle does not transmit power Ex Front wheel connecting axle, rail road
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Has 1:100 taper Tightly holds the connecting parts No relative movement
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Permits axial movement Transmits rotational motion Used in drilling machines and clutches
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Support long shafts For shaft to rotate freely Reduce friction at joints Types
Journal bearings Foot step bearings Thrust bearings
Journal bearings
Bearing pressure perpendicular to shaft Takes sideward/radial load shaft
Pivot bearing
Load parallel to shaft Takes axial load
Thrust/collar bearing
Has collars to take axial load
Solid bearings
Simplest Oil hole for lubrication
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Has bush of brass and gun metal Lesser friction Bush fixed in bearing Bush can be easily replaced Suitable at shaft ends Open bearing
Easy for refitting Suitable at shat midway too Essential for crank shaft
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Has minimum rolling friction Automobiles, machinery, home appliances etc Need least lubrication Can be used for various types of loads and mis alignment
Cage
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Use rollers instead of balls Has line contact instead of point Used for heavy loads
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Can be used to take axial thrust in one direction Rollers are tapered
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Has spherical rollers. Permits angular misalignment Inner cage can rotate in any direction with respect to outer case
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It stores energy from prime mover Release energy when needed by machine Stores energy in form of inertia of rotation mass Reduce load fluctuation Reduce prime mover capacity Applications
I C engine Punching press
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Regulates output power of engine by regulating the fuel supply Controls variation of load On load variation, it maintains engine speed within a limit Load increase speed decrease governor will increase fuel supply engine speed increase And vice versa for load decrease Prevent overspeeding
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Centrifugal governor
Balls attached to arm rotates Causes centrifugal forces Speed increase will increase centrifugal force So balls rotate in and out with speed variation This movement will control fuel supply Watt, porter, proell, hartnell governors
Inertia governor
Work on principle of inertia change Rate of change of velocity causes the correction force
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Simplest type Used at low speeds Height is inversely proportional to w^2. so change is height is low at high speed Derive force balance formula
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Modified watt governor with central mass Still h is proportional to 1/w2, mass limits this dependency
Modified porter governor with different mass arrangement Need less mass
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Replace mass with spring Spring has less weight Spring load can be adjusted also for changing the load setting
Quantities to consider
Sensitivity Stability Effort or power
Sensitivity
= speed difference/mean speed =(N1 N2)/N N = mean speed = (N1 + N2)/N More sensitive governor responds to small change in speed Is sensitivity good?
stability
Governor should have only one radius of rotation at equilibrium
Isochronism
Governor is isochronous it has only one equilibrium speed for all radii In has infinite sensitivity
Hunting
When speed changes, governor goes up and down before getting stable More sensitivity, more hunting
Governor effort
Average force of sleeve for given % change in speed. Average of force at N1 and N2
power of governor
Work done on sleeve for given % change in speed = effort * displacement
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Flywheel Reduce cyclic variation in speed due to difference in input and output during a cycle Stores excess energy as Kinetic energy as speed of wheel Acts continuously in each cycle (a cycle can be of many revolutions)
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No energy storing. Controls speed by regulating fuel supply Acts only when there is load change