Link Budget

UMTS Uplink Budget Housam Al-Houasmi 08-May -2005
Main Objectives
In this presentation you will be able to:
1. Understand how the UMTS uplink budget works. 2. Learn how each parameter in the link budget is derived (or calculated). 3. Differentiate between customer specific and vendor specific parameters.
Motorola Internal Use Only MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 2004.
What is a Power Link Budget?
Power Link Budget A calculation of the achievable path loss while accounting for all sources of gain, attenuation and noise
Power Link Budget
Tx power + All Gains Path Loss Other losses = Rx power
Path loss = Tx Signal + All Gains Other losses Rx power
Max Path loss = Tx Signal + All Gains Other losses Rx sensitivity
What is Receiver Sensitivity?
Receiver Sensitivity: The minimum required received signal strength to achieve the desired quality of service (measured in BLER) in the presence of a predicted level of interference.
Interference
o o o o All users use the same frequency. Users are separated by code. UMTS is an interference limited system More load = more interference.
Interference
You !
Receiver Sensitivity: The minimum required received signal strength to achieve the desired quality of service (measured in BLER) in the presence of a predicted level of interference.
Interference
Case 1
-171+4 dBm/Hz -117 dBm
3dB less interference
Rx signal is 3dB less
Case 2
-171+1 dBm/Hz
-120 dBm
Signal to Noise Ratio

SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio. Indicates the level of the Rx signal in comparison to the level of noise (+ Rx interference) so that communication could be established effectively.
SNR (dB) = Rx power - noise
SNR (dB) = Tx power + all gains - path loss - other losses - noise
Path loss (dB) = Tx power + all gains - other losses - ( SNR + Noise)
Rx Sensitivity
Uplink Budget
Added system noise Loading converted to Loading in the cell noise rise due to other users
Bit rate Total TX power available TX antenna gain Body loss TX EIRP per traffic channel RX antenna gain bit/s dBm dBi dB dBm dBi dB dB dBm/Hz % dB dBm/Hz dBHz dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB 64000 21 2 0 23 18 3 3 -174 70 5.23 -171 48.06 2.54 -115.40 4.5 2.5 11.6 20 123.80
Bit rate RX cable and connector losses converted to Receiver noise figure dB Tx antenna gain,Thermal noise density + Service e.g. 2dBi for a Cell loading Bit Rate dipole Effective Noise rise due to interference Rx antenna Max. UE power Isotropic Power Attenuation gain in Tx due Total effect of noise from thethe to body boresight Information rate Attenuation Cable and antenna obstruction. direction losses through building Effective required Eb/No connector Source walls between noise thermal We will the Rx RX sensitivity antenna and study these the Soft Handoff Gain cabinet parameters Fast fading Margin in more Log normal fade margin detail in In-building penetration loss (urban) subsequent sections Maximum path loss urban
a b c d e=b+c-d f g h j k l=10*log10(1/(1-(k/100))) m=h+j n=db(a) o p=l+m+n+o+correction factor q r s t pl=e+f+q-g-p-r-s-t
Path loss = Tx signal + all gains - losses - ( SNR + Noise)

Bit rate Total TX power available TX antenna gain Body loss TX EIRP per traffic channel RX antenna gain RX cable and connector losses Receiver noise figure Thermal noise density Cell loading Noise rise due to interference Total effect of noise Information rate Effective required Eb/No RX sensitivity Soft Handoff Gain Fast fading Margin Log normal fade margin In-building penetration loss (urban) Maximum path loss urban bit/s dBm dBi dB dBm dBi dB dB dBm/Hz % dB dBm/Hz dBHz dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB 64000 21 2 0 23 18 3 3 -174 70 5.23 -171 48.06 2.54 -115.40 4.5 2.5 11.6 20 123.80
a b c d e=b+c-d f g h j k l=10*log10(1/(1-(k/100))) m=h+j n=db(a) o p=l+m+n+o+correction factor q r s t pl=e+f+q-g-p-r-s-t
Topics
Required Eb/Io Receiver Sensitivity Fast Fading margin Shadow Fade Margin & Soft handoff gain Path Loss Calculation
Required Eb/Io
Required Eb/Io
The quality of a link can be defined by the error rate; in UMTS networks we can measure the Block Error Rate, (BLER). We will use this as our fundamental measure of quality in the uplink direction. For the up-link, it is possible to relate the BLER to the ratio Eb/Io , where: Eb is the received energy per bit from the wanted user, Io is the total received power density, from both interference and thermal noise, excluding the power of the wanted signal. Therefore, we can use Eb/Io as an indication of link quality on the up-link. Required Eb/Io depends on the channel conditions. Power Control eliminates the near-far problem, i.e. if all users experience the same channel, they will require the same average Eb/Io. SNR can be assumed to be equal to (Eb/Io)X(R/W)
Required Eb/Io Dependence on speed
Eb/Io
Speed
Typical Average Eb/Io values

Voice 12.2kbps BLER Pedestrian A 3km/hr 7.46 6.37 5.78 5.53 5.33 Vehicular A 50km/hr 6.71 5.95 5.40 5.17 4.82 Vehicular A 120km/hr 7.42 6.44 5.97 5.76 5.32 Pedestrian B 3km/hr 7.60 6.85 6.57 6.28 5.81 Vehicular B 50km/hr 7.21 6.32 5.74 5.46 5.10 Vehicular B 120km/hr 6.88 5.91 5.45 5.22 4.90
0.10% 1% 3% 5% 10%
64kbps CS BLER Pedestrian A 3km/hr 2.32 1.71 1.45 0.80 Vehicular A 50km/hr 3.47 2.70 2.20 1.91 1.28 Vehicular A 120km/hr 3.62 2.85 2.35 2.00 1.43 Pedestrian B 3km/hr 3.93 3.28 2.93 2.75 2.50 Vehicular B 50km/hr 2.98 2.2 1.66 1.30 0.80 Vehicular B 120km/hr 3.01 2.38 1.82 1.49 1.05
0.10% 1% 3% 5% 10%
Typical Average Eb/Io values

144kbps PS BLER Pedestrian A 3km/hr 2.21 1.60 1.30 1.85 0.94 Vehicular A 50km/hr 3.24 2.63 2.27 2.07 1.76 Vehicular A 120km/hr 3.27 2.75 2.41 2.25 1.95 Pedestrian B 3km/hr 3.94 3.51 3.24 2.92 2.77 Vehicular B 50km/hr 3.21 2.59 2.23 2.05 1.78 Vehicular B 120km/hr 3.92 3.32 2.92 2.72 2.40
0.10% 1% 3% 5% 10%
384kbps PS BLER Pedestrian A 3km/hr 4.96 3.65 3.24 2.90 2.90 Vehicular A 50km/hr 6.15 5.14 4.68 4.38 3.50 Vehicular A 120km/hr 6.23 5.23 4.72 4.62 4.37 Pedestrian B 3km/hr 6.74 5.85 5.50 5.27 4.88 Vehicular B 50km/hr 6.32 5.40 4.93 4.64 4.13 Vehicular B 120km/hr 6.43 5.65 5.11 4.82 4.39
0.10% 1% 3% 5% 10%
Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver Sensitivity: The minimum required received signal strength to achieve the desired Eb/Io and consequently the target performance (BLER) in the presence of a known amount of interference.
Receiver Sensitivity VS. Noise Rise

The link quality for user i can be found as follows:
SNRi !
Which makes the receiver sensitivity:
Si Rx _ sensitivity ! Interference & noise I 0 W
Eb R I0 S i ! SNRi I 0 W ! N0 W I 0W N0
Where
Si Ri : Rate of user i.
Eb R Si ! N 0 ( N I0 i : Received signal strength of user i.
N 0 ! kT NF ( N :Noise Rise
Same cell interference

Same Cell Interference:
All users are power controlled. Activity Number of Users
Data Energy power Rate (Energy/bit )X(bit/s)=Energy /s = per Bit
I samecell ! E .Eb .R N 1
Noise
You !
Other users in the same cell !
Other cell interference

Other Cell Interference:
Users in other cells are not power controlled by your site. The other cell interference depends on: - The location and density of mobiles in neighboring sites. - Antenna radiation pattern. - The overlap between the sites (soft handoff). Interference
You !
Usually:
I samecell f | Itotal
Depends on: Antenna Radiation Pattern Site Configuration Mix of services
Other cell interference

Configuration Interference Ratio (Isc/total) 1 Isolated Cell
Omni site with equally loaded neighbors
0.65
A sector in a 3-sectored site with equally loaded neighbors A sector with neighbors highly loaded
0.55
0.5
A sector with neighbors extremely loaded
0.45
Total Interference
Total interference to one link is calculated like this:
Chip Rate
I 0W ! I samecell I othercell N 0W
densities
We know that: and that:
I samecell ! E .Eb .R N 1
Hence:
f I samecell I othercell 1 I 0W ! E .Eb .R N 1 N 0 .W f
1 ! f
Pole Capacity
1 I 0W ! E .Eb .R N 1 N 0 .W f
W R ( N 1) ! 1 Eb E f I0
W R ( N pole 1) ! 1 E E b f I0 N0 1 I0
N0 1 I0
Constant (K)
Pole Capacity occurs when interference is much higher than noise.
N pole !
W /R 1 Eb 1 .E . I0 f
Loading vs Noise Rise

Let us define loading as follows:
Loading | L !
N N pole
N 0 1 K 1 N 0 1 K 1 I 0 I0 K ! ! 1 K 1 K 1 K
N0 1 1 I0 K 1 1 K
I0 1 (N ! ! N0 1L
1 1 1 K
Receiver sensitivity
E S i ! N 0 ( N b Ri I 0
The Receiver Sensitivity becomes:
1 Si ! N 0 1 L
Eb R I0 i 1 Eb R 1 E I0 W f 1
(N !
In the link budget, it is assumed that: So the correction factor :

CF ! 1
I0 1 ! N0 1L
1 Eb R 1 E I0 W f
has been applied to the receiver sensitivity calculation instead of the noise rise calculation:
E S i ! N 0 ( N CF b Ri I 0
Receiver sensitivity
Path loss = Tx signal + all gains - other losses - ( SNR + Noise)
Path loss = Tx signal + all gains - other losses - ( SN0R + Noise density)
E S i ! N 0 ( N CF b Ri I 0
Fast Fading Margin (Fast Power Control Margin)
Fast Fading Margin

The required Eb/Io used in the Link Budget, is the average Eb/Io for a given channel condition. The link budget does not reflect fast fading effects. The Maximum available transmitted power from the mobile side is used to achieve the average required Eb/Io . There are two power control mechanisms in the uplink direction , inner loop power control and outer loop power control.
Fast Fading Margin
-5
-1 0 tran s m it po w er 90 k m /h r R ay le igh C han ne l -1 5
0. 14
0. 14 5
0. 15
0. 15 5
0. 16
0. 16 5
0. 17
Time
Fast Fading Margin

20
10
-10
-20 tra ns m it p ow e r 3 k m /hr ray leigh c hannel
-30
-40 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time
Fast Fading Margin

1
95%
0.9 0.8 0.7 P rob (T X power < X ) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -4 P edes trian A V ehic ular A
The fast fade margin is the range required above the average transmit power to be able to follow fades for a certain percentage of the time.
1.5dB
-3 -2 -1 0 1 Norm alis ed TX power 2 3 4 5
Shadow Fade Margin & Soft Handoff Gain
Soft Handoff Gain - Definition
Generally defined as: The improvement in edge of cell path loss, due to soft handoff.
Two components: The reduction in slow-fading margin due to site diversity. The Improvement in Eb/Io due to soft handoff.
Slow Fading Margin and Handoff Gain

Calculate needed margin to achieve the required edge of cell coverage with no handoff i.e. only one site. Calculate needed margin to achieve the required edge of cell coverage assuming handoff i.e. one of two possible sites. The amount of reduction in the margin required is called: handoff gain. Handoff gain is purely due to site diversity.
Slow Fading Margin and Handoff Gain

When the median path loss is equal to maximum achievable path loss in the link budget, the probability of coverage at the edge of cell is 50%. A margin is required to improve the coverage probability. With an added power margin M, the probability becomes:
Pedge
M 1 1 ! erf 2 2 2W
Standard Deviation of Shadow Fading
Coverage probability at the edge of cell - the best of two receivers

Shadow Fading Components to BTS1 and BTS2
With a margin M, the probability of coverage at the point exactly in the middle:
BTS1 BTS2
Pedge ! 1 Pr_ [min Ls1 , Ls 2 " Ma ]

Viterbi*:
Pedge 1 ! 1 2T
Qt !
g
ex
g
2 M - aW x /2 Q dx bW
Shadow Fade Margin
t 1 1 erf StandardDeviation of Shadow Fading 2 Correlationcoefficients 2 2
* Viterbi, A.J , CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison Wesley 1995
Interpretation of Soft Handoff Gain

1 1
Coverage Prob. Without margin (M)

P robability of Cov erage P robability of Cov erage of Cov erage P robability
0.9 0.9
Gain =3.7 dB
Coverage Prob. With margin (M=6.2dB) - One Receiver
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
2.5dB M argin 6.2dB M argin 6.2dB M argin
Coverage Prob. With margin (M=6.2dB) - The best of two receivers Coverage Prob. With margin (M=2.5dB) - The best of two receivers
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.4 0.4 0.4
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.8 1.2 0.8 1 1.2 0.8 1 1.2 N orm N orm alis ed R adius norm alis ed R adius
1.4 1.4 1.4
1.6 1.6 1.6
1.8 1.8 1.8
2 2
Soft Hanodff Gain is 3.7dB in this example
Edge of cell Coverage VS. fade margin

10 P robability of s ignal< required at the edge of c ell
0
S oft handoff and No handoff edge of c ell P erform anc e
S oft handoff N o handoff 10

-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10 M argin
12
14
16
18
20
Overall cell Coverage VS. fade margin

Calculate needed margin to achieve the required overall cell coverage with no handoff - i.e. only one site. Calculate needed margin to achieve the required overall cell coverage assuming handoff - i.e. one of two possible sites. The amount of reduction in the margin required is called: handoff gain. Handoff gain is purely due to site diversity.
Overall cell Coverage VS. fade margin

1
Overall Cell Coverage Probability
0.95
S ig m a = 4d B S ig m a = 8d B
0.9
S ig m a = 12d B
0.85
S o ft h a n d o ff W i th o u t h a n d o ff
0.8
0.75
0.7
10
12
14
16
18
20
Margin (dB)
Soft Handoff Gain: Block Selection Diversity Gain

If a mobile is in 2-way soft handoff the RNC will have two active connections with two distinct base stations.
The RNC will choose the better block. If the block error rate (BLER) on the first connection is a and the BLER on the second connection is b, then the effective BLER is: av b (if statistically independent events) To operate at the desired BLER, the required Eb/Io target for each individual leg in soft handoff can be reduced.
RNC Example: P(A)=5% and P(B)=20% If A and B are statistically independent, then P(A+B)=P(A).P(B)=1% If A and B are 100% dependent, then P(B/A)=100% and P(A+B)=5%. If A and B are x% dependent, then P(B/A)=P(B)*(100%-x%)+ (x%*100%)

10
0
20% C
BLER
10
-1
5%
Differenc e in path los s gain for prim ary leg 10

-2
A 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4
1% 3.8 4
3.6
Eb/Io

2 1.8
Block Selection Diversity Gain
1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Gain is specific to soft systems It also improves the link budget
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.25
2.5
2.75
Difference in path loss (dB)
Maximum Path Loss Calculation

EIRP + all the Gains
Bit rate Total TX power available TX antenna gain Body loss TX EIRP per traffic channel RX antenna gain RX cable and connector losses Receiver noise figure Thermal noise density Cell loading Noise rise due to interference Total effect of noise Information rate Effective required Eb/No RX sensitivity Log normal fade margin Soft Handoff Gain Fast fading Margin bit/s dBm dBi dB dBm dBi dB dB dBm/Hz % dB dBm/Hz dBHz dB dBm dB dB dB dB dB 64000 a 21 b 2 c 0 d 23 e=b+c-d 18 f 3 g 3 h -174 j 70 k 5.23 l=10*LOG10(1/(1-(k/100))) -171 m=h+j 48.06 n=dB(a) 2.54 o -115.40 p=l+m+n+o+correction factor 11.6 q 4.5 r 2.5 s 20 t 123.80 pl=e+f+r-g-p-q-s-t
Rx sensitivity +all the losses
Maximum Path Loss
In-building penetration loss (urban) Maximum path loss urban
Conclusion
Definition of Power Link Budget. Power budget structure. Required Eb/Io Receiver Sensitivity Fast power control margin Shadow Fade Margin & Soft handoff gain Path Loss Calculation

Link Budget

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UMTS Uplink Budget Housam Al-Houasmi 08-May -2005

What is a Power Link Budget?

Power Link Budget

Tx power + All Gains Path Loss Other losses = Rx power

Path loss = Tx Signal + All Gains Other losses Rx power

Max Path loss = Tx Signal + All Gains Other losses Rx sensitivity

What is Receiver Sensitivity?

What is Receiver Sensitivity?

3dB less interference

Rx signal is 3dB less

Signal to Noise Ratio

SNR (dB) = Rx power - noise

a b c d e=b+c-d f g h j k l=10*log10(1/(1-(k/100))) m=h+j n=db(a) o p=l+m+n+o+correction factor q r s t pl=e+f+q-g-p-r-s-t

Path loss = Tx signal + all gains - losses - ( SNR + Noise)

a b c d e=b+c-d f g h j k l=10*log10(1/(1-(k/100))) m=h+j n=db(a) o p=l+m+n+o+correction factor q r s t pl=e+f+q-g-p-r-s-t

Required Eb/Io Dependence on speed

Typical Average Eb/Io values

Typical Average Eb/Io values

What is Receiver Sensitivity?

Receiver Sensitivity VS. Noise Rise

Which makes the receiver sensitivity:

Si Rx _ sensitivity ! Interference & noise I 0 W

Eb R Si ! N 0 ( N I0 i : Received signal strength of user i.

Same cell interference

Data Energy power Rate (Energy/bit )X(bit/s)=Energy /s = per Bit

Other users in the same cell !

Other cell interference

Depends on: Antenna Radiation Pattern Site Configuration Mix of services

Other cell interference

Omni site with equally loaded neighbors

A sector with neighbors extremely loaded

We know that: and that:

f I samecell I othercell 1 I 0W ! E .Eb .R N  1  N 0 .W f

Pole Capacity occurs when interference is much higher than noise.

Loading vs Noise Rise

In the link budget, it is assumed that: So the correction factor :

Fast Fading Margin (Fast Power Control Margin)

Fast Fading Margin

Fast Fading Margin

-1 0 tran s m it po w er 90 k m /h r R ay le igh C han ne l -1 5

Fast Fading Margin

-20 tra ns m it p ow e r 3 k m /hr ray leigh c hannel

-40 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Fast Fading Margin

Shadow Fade Margin & Soft Handoff Gain

Soft Handoff Gain - Definition

Slow Fading Margin and Handoff Gain

Slow Fading Margin and Handoff Gain

Standard Deviation of Shadow Fading

Coverage probability at the edge of cell - the best of two receivers

Pedge ! 1  Pr_ [min Ls1 , Ls 2 " Ma ]

Shadow Fade Margin

t 1 1  erf StandardDeviation of Shadow Fading 2 Correlationcoefficients 2 2

Interpretation of Soft Handoff Gain

Coverage Prob. Without margin (M)

Coverage Prob. With margin (M=6.2dB) - One Receiver

2.5dB M argin 6.2dB M argin 6.2dB M argin

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6 0.6

1.4 1.4 1.4

f I samecell I othercell 1 I 0W ! E .Eb .R N 1 N 0 .W f

Pedge ! 1 Pr_ [min Ls1 , Ls 2 " Ma ]

t 1 1 erf StandardDeviation of Shadow Fading 2 Correlationcoefficients 2 2