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Nano Fluid
Nano Fluid
BY:
UMESH SHARMA ID:2011PCH5301 M.Tech (II Sem.)
NANOFLUIDS
Nano fluids are the new class engineered fluid with high thermal conductivity obtained by suspending nanometer size (1-100nm) particles in a base fluid like water ,ethylene glycol, oil etc.
Base fluids Water Oil Ethylene glycol U.S. Choi and J.A. Eastman, Enhanced heat transfer using nanofluids U.S. Patent #6,221,275
application. In two-step process for oxide nanoparticles (Kool-Aid method), nanoparticles are produced by evaporation and inert-gas condensation processing, and then dispersed (mixed, including mechanical agitation and sonification) in base fluid. In one-step process simultaneously makes and disperses nanoparticles directly into base fluid; best for metallic nanofluids.
Mesh like structure observed, in water based CuO nanofluid of 0.1 vol%after sonication for (a) 20min, (b) 60min and (c) 70 min. It can be seen the structure formation being only after 60 min from the sonication.
Stability of Nanofluid
The agglomeration of nanoparticles results in not only the settlement and clogging of microchannels but also the decreasing of thermal conductivity of nanofluid. So stability evaluation methods for nanofluid are-: Sedimentation and Centrifugation Zeta potential analysis Spectral absorbency analysis
2) Surface Modification techniques 3) By dominating the repulsive force between the particles
Thermal Conductivity
According to the report of Argonne National Laboratory, eight parameters effect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids, they got these results from about 124 researchers experiments, these effects are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Particle volume concentration Particle materials Particle size Particle shape Base fluid material Temperature Additive Acidity
Effect of Particle Shape: All of the results indicate that elongated particles are superior to spherical for thermal conductivity enhancement. (SiC in water).
Effect of Temperature:
The trend of all experimental shows increased thermal conductivity enhancement with increased temperature. (Al in water) Al2O3
Effect of Additives:
Experiments have used fluid additives in an attempt to keep nanoparticles in suspension and to prevent them from agglomerating. The thermal conductivity enhancement improved by using the additive. (Cu in ethylene glycol)
33/36/
water,oil
Lee et al (1999)
Al2O3/CuO
24.4,38.4/18.6,23.6
water,EG 20%
Das et al (2003)
Al2O3/CuO
38.4/28.6
water
Hong et al (2005)
Fe
10
EG
60% improvement for 5 vol% CuO particles in water. improvement for 4 vol% Cuo/EG mixture. 2-4 fold increase over range of 21oC to 52oC. 18% increase for 0.55 vol% Fe/EG nanofluids. enhancement with volume fraction and temperature 12.4% for EG at 1 vol%, 30% for EO at 2 vol%.
Al2O3/CuO
36/29
water
CNTs
20-30 m
EG,EO
ADVANTAGES OF NANOFLUIDS
Reduced Pumping Power Minimal Clogging Miniaturized Systems
Compared with suspended particles of millimeter-or-micrometer dimensions millimeter-orwhich were used in base fluids to enhance heat transfer of such fluids, nanofluids exhibit higher thermal conductivities. conductivities. Many types of particles such as metallic and non-metallic, can be added into nonfluids to form nanofluids. nanofluids. Suspended particles of the order of millimeters or even micrometers may cause some severe problems such abrasive action of the particles causes erosion of pipelines which are not that severe in case of nanofluids. nanofluids.
DISADVANTAGES
High Processing cost temperatures because of the ability of the particle to overcome thermal energy barrier leading to an increase in van der waals forces and hence resulting in decrease of conductivity. Use of surfactants for stability which results in lowering of conductivity due to the formation of a thermal boundary layer around the particles.
Application of Nanofluid
Heat transfer Intensification Electronic Application Transportation Industrial Cooling Application Heating Building and Reducing Pollution Nuclear System Cooling Space and Defense Solar Absorption Mechenical Application Magnetic Sealing Biomedical Application