Input

Gene A

Synthetic Biology

Gene B

AND
Gene C

Output

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Prokaryotic cell

micro.magnet.fsu.edu
2

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Eukaryotic cell

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Cell membrane

faculty.fmcc.suny.edu
4

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Cell-Cell communication in prokaryotes

http://parts.mit.edu/igem07/index.php/Chiba/Communicati on
5

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Cell communication in eukaryotes

course1.winona.edu

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Flow of genetic information

DNA
Transcription by RNA polymerase

RNA
Translation by ribosomes

PROTEIN

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Chromosome structure

torvista.com
8

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Chromosome structure

room212bio.posterous.com

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA structure

10

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA structure

11

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Nucleic acid hybridization

Denaturation = dissociation of the two strands Melting = denaturation Renaturation = reassociation of the two strands Annealing = renaturation Annealing can happen between two complementary DNA strands or between DNA and RNA (hybridization)
12

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA structure Problem 1

5 -ACCTGCCTGACAACTG-3

13

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Gene structure
Gene chromosome Gene

Promoter

Coding sequence

Terminator
14

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Gene structure
Transcription start site

Promoter

RNA

Terminator

15

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Promoter structure

16

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Transcription

bioap.wikispaces.com
17

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Transcription

18

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Transcription

19

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA structure Problem 2

1) (2 points) The following diagram of a generalized tetranucleotide will serve as a basis for the questions marked A) and B).

A) Given that the DNA strand which served as a template for the synthesis of this tetranucleotide was composed of the bases 5 - CCTG- 3 , fill in the parentheses (in the diagram) with the expected bases. B) Suppose that one of the precursors for this tetranucleotide (in the diagram) was a 32Plabeled guanine nucleoside triphosphate. Circle the radioactive phosphorous atom(s) as it exist(s) in the tetranucleotide.

20

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

mRNA structure

Start codon (first amino acid of the protein)

Stop codon (signal to end protein synthesis)

AUG

UGA

Ribosome binding site to initiate translation

= untranslated region

21

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Transcription
+1

RNA Pol
-35 Box
TTGTCA

-10 Box
TATAA

RNA

Core promoter = Binding site for RNA polymerase In this configuration transcription is ON

22

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Transcription

+1

RNA Pol
bad promoter

RNA A = Activator of transcription

23

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Repression of transcription
+1

R
-35 box -10 box

operator R = Repressor In this configuration RNA Polymerase cannot bind transcription is OFF
24

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Repression of transcription

The lactose operon of E. coli

lacI repressor
X

R
-35 O -10

R
Active repressor

Transcription is OFF

25

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Induction of gene expression

The lactose operon of E. coli

lacI repressor

RNA Pol
-35 O -10

X
R
Inactive repressor

Transcription is ON

= inducer (lactose)

26

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Silencing by antisense RNA

siRNA 3 5
AUG

5
UGA

Translation

Binding of siRNA causes mRNA degradation

27

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Repression by mRNA cleavage

RNA cleavage 5
AUG UGA

3 Ribozymes + aptamer

28

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

mRNA structure

Start codon (first amino acid of the protein)

Stop codon (signal to end protein synthesis)

AUG

UGA

Ribosome binding site to initiate translation

= untranslated region

29

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Translation

30

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

The genetic code

brooklyn.cuny.edu

31

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Protein structure

biochem.arizona.edu
32

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA replication

33

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA replication

34

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

DNA replication Problem 1

5- TTCCATTCGGCGA -3 3AGC -5

35

Synthetic biology Lecture 1

Construction of a synthetic gene

Modular structure
Construct a promoter Insert an operator Insert a ribosome binding site Select a coding sequence (output)

Output -35 box -10 box

operator

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