Wired Communication Systems

Analog Telephony
History
x A. Telegraph
x Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse (1791-1872) in 1837 x Reduced the number of wires to one x Developed Morse code with the help of Alfred Vail and William Baxter

x First Telephone
x Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone in 1876 x Bell applied a patent for the first telephone on February 14, 1876 x Bells historic words were heard Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!

x The beginning of telephony x Convert diaphragm vibration into electrical energy x Modulate a battery-driven, metallic circuits x Converted back to sound waves at the distant end

x Business History
x Bell was financed by his wealthy industrialist father in-law, G.G. Hubbard x Bell and Hubbard offered the patent to Western Union Telegraph company for $100,000.00 x $100,000.00 in the year 1876 has the same purchased power as $1,667,910.09 in the year 2002 x The offer was turned down x Bell Telephone company started on July 9, 1878 x Promote telephone service throughout the U.S. On June 29, 1878 x The Western Union Telegraph Company entered into the telephone business in early 1878

x Transmitters by Thomas Edison x Receivers by Elisha Gray

x Bell Telephone Company sued Western Union for patent infringement x The suit was settled in 1879 x Western Union acknowledged the validity of Bells patent and agreed to stay out of the telephone business x Bell Telephone Company abandoned interests in telegraph field x More than 6000 independents non-Bell telephone companies sprang up after Bells patent expired in 1893 and 1894 x American Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) company became the parent company of Bell system in 1900 x They both aggressively attacked the independents x They used separate subscribers which were unable to communicate x Established long lines division providing long distance connection between all cities

x The federal government began regulating the telephone industry in 1910 x Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) oversaw all US wires and radio communications x Communications Act in 1934 x The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) took over the telephone industry  Still in charge of approving all interstate regulated activities in the industry via tarriffs x Lower residential rates x Raise cost of long distance service and business service x AT & T virtually controlled all aspects of the telephone industry from 1930s and 1950s x 1914 Kingsbury Commitment x Divest its Western Union stock x Stop buying up independent telephone companies, unless authorized by ICC

x Allow the independents to interconnect to the AT&T network - interconnections reduced the Bells activity to drive the independents out of business but also eliminated the independents incentive to establish a competitive longdistance system x 1956 Consent decree x AT & T could retain ownership of Western Electric if it only produced products of Bell-operated companies x Prevent the Bells system from offering commercial data processing services x Limit Bell System to providing telecommunication services under regulation x Left Bell system a regulated monopoly with no competition for equipment and services in its operating areas x 1968 Carterfone decision x Allow subscribers to attach equipment to the network as long as it was not publicly detrimental

x 1969 MCI (Microwave Communications Inc.) Decision x Install and operate an interstate radio link between Chicago and St. Louis x Lease private line services along this link x Join the competition with AT & T x Now known as Verizon x 1984 Divestiture Agreement x 23 Bell operating companies would be divested from the organization of AT & T x AT & T could pursue and operate in the competitive long-distance, equipment manufacturing, and sales markets - manufacturing later separated under the Lucent name x The Telecom Act of 1996 x Beginning of the information superhighway x New players compete for the local dial tone services - in the US, dial tone amounts to a $90 to $100 billion a year industry

x Long distance companies enter into a new business opportunities - dial tone - cable TV services - high-speed internet access - two-way video communications

x From 1996 to 2002 : spectacular business boom and bust due to bad forecasting and overbuilding x Historically, US telephone usage grows roughly 3% a year - second lines for internet and new mobile phones created 10-15% growth during the mid 1990s - internet was said to be doubling every 100 days and poised to overtake one telephone network - relaxed regulation allowed new competitors forecast actual

x Suppliers and carriers borrowed and hired for huge growth - second line boom stopped - wired phone use is now decreasing - wireless is growing, but more slowly than before - internet really grows 70-100% a year - results: more than enough capacity - prices are falling and usage is failing - the loans come to the due date bankruptcy, more lay offs x Different situation outside US: robust growth in Asia and Europe

1900 1913 1915

Weak electric currents could operate a receiver at a distance More than 1000 miles over open wire About 200 miles on underground cable

Vacuum-tube line amplifiers enabled speech to be transmitted by longer distance

Coast-to-coast long distance telephone connections were established

1927

Transatlantic radiotelephone service was introduced

1930s

J.R. Carson at Bell Laboratories developed FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 12 conversations were conducted over two pairs of cable wires

1941

Coaxial cables were introduced to permit wideband transmission of telephone signals

1960s

Satellite communications deployed

very long history : from 1876 to present Many things are what they are due to what happened in the past Long-lived products and standards Peer to peer communications Harder problems of compatibility, connectivity, routing and congestion control Reliability Extreme and continuous

ITU International Telecommunications

Union (a.k.a. CCITT) - International standards and prevailing local standards outside North America

ANSI- American National Standards Institute

- Sponsor T1 committee and other standards - Carrier standards for North America

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

- Internet protocol standards worldwide - Produce high quality, relevant technical documents that influence the way people design, use and manage the internet

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers -created several committees such as: 802 committee data communication standards

ECMA European Computer Manufacture - Standards for computer equipment in Europe

Industry Forums: ATM Forums, DSL Forums, etc.. - Manufacturers and carriers common positions of equipment and standards

Telcordia -also known as Bellcore - Common standards and procedures for local carriers with U.S.

Ohms Law Moores Law Gilders Law

The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it Determine the distance that signals could be sent without amplification

The number of transistors that can fit onto a square inch of silicon double every 12 months

The total bandwidth of communication systems triples every 12 months

Metcalfes Law

The value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of nodes The cost per user remains the same or even reduces

Murphys Law

Anything that can go wrong will go wrong at the worst possible time