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ROHDE Structure and Function 2012
ROHDE Structure and Function 2012
Structure and Function of the Kidney Glomerular Filtration Regulation of RBF and GFR Measurement of GFR and Clearance Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Tubule The Loop of Henle and the Distal Nephron Regulation of Body Fluid Osmolality Regulation of Body Fluid Volume Acid-base Physiology Regulation of Extracellular Potassium Calcium and Phosphorus Handling by the Kidney
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Introduction
I. II. Functions of the Kidney Structure of the Nephron Renal corpuscle Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal nephron Juxtaglomerular apparatus III. Renal circulation
II. Nephron
3. Excretion of Metabolic Wastes and Drugs in Urine Metabolic wastes: urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin Drugs: aspirin, penicillin, atropine 4. Control of arterial blood pressure Na+ balance Renin secretion Angiotensinogen
Afferent arteriole
renin
Connecting duct
Angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
5. Secretion of erythropoietin 80% comes from kidney Normal erythropoiesis requires basal secretion of erythropoietin Hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin secretion via prostaglandin generation 6. Production of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Active form of vitamin D Participates in Ca2+ homeostasis 7. Gluconeogenesis During prolonged fasting, synthesizes glucose from amino acids
Filtration from glomerular capillaries into lumen of nephron (Bowmans capsule) Reabsorption from lumen of nephron to surrounding capillaries. Secretion from peritubular capillaries into the lumen of the nephron
A. Renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule - swelling at beginning of nephron Glomerulus - A tuft of highly convoluted capillaries projects into Bowman's capsule
Bowman's space
Renal corpuscle
Cortical collecting duct
Connecting duct
Distal covoluted tubule Proximal straight tubule CORTEX Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
Glomerulus invaginates blind end of tubule. Invaginated epithelium flattens and differentiates into podocytes. Podocytes become closely applied to outer surfaces of the glomerular capillaries. Podocytes = visceral layer of Bowmans capsule Basement membrane of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes fuse forming glomerular basement membrane. Mesangium - small amount of tissue that remains to support the capillary loops. Glomerular filtrate drains into Bowmans space - the space between the visceral and parietal epithelium.
Renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle
A: afferent arteriole N: nuclei GBM: glomerular basement membrane C: capillary M: mesangium E: endothelial cell PCT: proximal convoluted tubule S: squamous cells lining Bowmans capsule I: renal interstitium
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Mesangial cells
Capillary Lumen
Support glomerular capillaries Phagocytes keep barrier clean Contractile contain myofibrils Contraction causes decrease in filtration area Regulated by nerves and hormones Secrete erythropoetin in response to hypoxia
Boron and Boulpaep Figure 32.3
Mesangial cell
Bowman's Space
Afferent arteriole
Connecting duct
B. Proximal Tubule
Cortical collecting duct Medullary collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle
Generates an osmotic gradient necessary for concentrated urine Major site of solute and water reabsorption
Distal covoluted tubule Proximal straight tubule CORTEX Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
Main site of reabsorption Important site of secretion To aid in reabsorption and secretion: Very prominent brush border (large surface area) that projects into the lumen Lots of channels and transporters Large numbers of mitochondria provide the energy for active transport
Proximal convoluted tubule
Afferent arteriole
Connecting duct
Distal covoluted tubule Proximal straight tubule CORTEX MEDULLA Descending limb of loop of Henle Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
Slide 13 EM8 Words need revision. Show lots of pics of kidney and nephron near here!
Earl Mayeri, 12/25/2002
Afferent arteriole
D. Distal Nephron
Connecting duct
Distal covoluted tubule Proximal straight tubule CORTEX MEDULLA Descending limb of loop of Henle Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
E. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Efferent arteriole Granular cell
(secretes renin)
Distal Nephron: distal convoluted tubule, Connecting tubule, and collecting ducts:
CT DCT
Hormonal regulation of reabsorption and secretion Fine tuning of the final composition of the tubular fluid before it is urine
Collecting ducts
Sympathetic nerves lumen Distal convoluted tubule Macula densa Afferent arteriole
Collecting ducts: Principal cells: Na+ and water reabsorption K+ secretion Intercalated cells: alpha cells: H+ secretion beta cells: HCO3- secretion ADH: water reabsorption
Macula densa plus granular cells form the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Macula densa: distal convoluted tubule becomes thickened to form a small plaque. Macula densa senses the composition of tubular fluid. Granular cells: specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole. Granular cells secrete the enzyme (hormone) renin. Important for control of glomerular filtration and the regulation of systemic blood volume and pressure.
JGA
Boron and Boulpaep Figure 32.1
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I.
Functions of the Kidney Electrolyte homeostasis, water homeostasis, excretion of wastes, control of blood pressure II. Structure of the Nephron Renal corpuscle - glomerular filtration Proximal tubule - main site of reabsorption Loop of Henle - concentration of urine Distal nephron - water and electrolyte homeostasis Juxtaglomerular apparatus - control of glomerular filtration and regulation of blood volume and pressure III. Renal circulation