ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE

( TMA 3033 )
ASSIGNMENT 2

GROUP A LECTURER : PUAN NORASHIQIN BT MOHD IDRUS

GROUP MEMBERS :
NAME DESIGA A/P VESWANAHAN STEPHANIE KARMINI A/P EMMANUEL GERARD VERONICA SELVI A/P MARATHA MUTHU NAGESWARI A/P YELLAPA APPARAO MATRIC NUMBER D20061026152 D20061026158 D20061026163 D20061026166

QUESTION 1

Let Zm and Zn be two groups of integer mod m and n respectively. Define by Z m Z n ! _(a , b) ` a Z m , b Z n a with the operation + defined on Z m Z n by (a, b)  (c, d ) ! ((a  c ) mod m, (b  d ) mod n) where (a , b)  (c, d ) Z m Z n we say that is the external direct sum of Zm and Zn.

QUESTIONS:

(a) Prove that this algebraic structure gives us a group. (i) closed under operation

Is (a, b)  (c, d ) Z m Z n ? and is [ (a, b)  (c, d ) ! ((a  c) mod m, (b  d ) mod n) ] Z m Z n Since a Z m and c Z m then, (a  c) mod m and since b Z n and d Z n then,
(b  d ) mod n

Thus , (a, b)  (c, d ) ! ((a  c) mod m, (b  d ) mod n) Z m Z n Hence Z m Z n is closed under operation .

(ii) Associative

?(a, b)  (c, d )A (e, f ) ! (a, b)  ?(c, d )  (e, f )A

LHS = ?( a, b)  (c, d ) A (e, f ) = ?(a+c) mod m, (b+d) mod n A+ (e, f) = ( a  c  e) mod m, (b  d  f ) mod n

RHS = (a, b)+ ?(c, d)+(e, f) A = ( a  b)  ?(c  e) mod m, (d  f ) mod n A = ( a  c  e) mod m, (b  d  f ) mod n
LHS=RHS a, c, e Z m

and

b, d, f

Zn

(a, b)+(c, d)+(e, f) Z m Z n Z m Z n is associative

(iii) Identity

Let ea , eb are the identities of Z m and Z n respectively. then e a , e b is the identity of Z m Z n Since, (a+b) + ea , e b = (a+b) = ea , e b  (a+b) LHS = (a+b) + ea , e b = (a  ea ) mod m, (b  e b ) mod n = a mod m, b mod n RHS = ea , e b  (a+b) = (ea  a) mod m, (e b  b) mod n = a mod m, b mod n
LHS=RHS, therefore Z m Z n has an identity

(iii) Inverse An inverse of (a, b) is (a -1 , b-1 )

a Z m , a -1 Z m b Z n , b-1 Z n where Zm , Zn is group of integer (a, b) + (a -1 , b-1 ) = ea , e b ! (a -1 , b -1 ) + (a, b) LHS = (a, b) + (a -1 , b -1 ) = (a + a -1 )m od m, (b + b -1 )mod n = ea mod m, eb mod n RHS = (a -1 , b -1 ) + (a, b) = (a -1 + a) mod m , (b -1 + b) mod n = e a mod m, e b mod n

LHS = RHS, therefore Z m Z n has an inverse Hence,Z m Z n is a group, which is a external direct sum

(b)
(a) List all the elements of Z 2 Z 2
Z2 ! _ a 0,1 Z m Z n ! _ a, b) ` a Z m , b Z n a ( Z 2 Z 2 ! _ 0), (0,1), (1, 0), (1,1)a (0,

(b) Show whether Z 2 Z 2 cyclic is cyclic or not?

Z 2 Z 2 ! _(0, 0), (0,1), (1, 0), (1,1)a 0, 0 ! _ m , 0n ) `m, n Z a! _(0, 0)a (0 0,1 ! _ m ,1n ) `m, n Z a! _(0, 0), (0,1)a (0 1, 0 ! _ m , 0n ) `m, n Z a! _(0, 0), (1, 0)a (1 1,1 ! _ m ,1n ) `m, n Z a! _(0, 0), (1,1)a (1 Z 2 Z 2 is not a cyclic group as no element of Z 2 Z 2 generate Z 2 Z 2

Does not generate

Z2 Z2

(c)

(m,n) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (3,4) (3,5)

Character Non cyclic Cyclic Non cyclic Cyclic Cyclic Cyclic non-cyclic cyclic non-cyclic non-cyclic cyclic non-cyclic

(m,n) (3,6) (3,7) (3,8) (3,9) (4,6)

Character Non cyclic Cyclic Cyclic Non cyclic Non cyclic

gcd(2, 2) = 2 gcd(2, 3) = 1 gcd(2, 4) =2 gcd(3,6) = 3 gcd(3,8) = 1 gcd(4, 6) = 2

gcd(3, 4) = 1 gcd(3, 5) = 1 gcd(2, 5) = 1 gcd(3,7) =1 gcd(3, 9) = 3

cyclic cyclic cyclic cyclic non-cyclic

We can check the other basis gcd and find that for the basis with the gcd 1 it is cyclic. The basis will only be cyclic if the gcd (m,n) = 1

(d) By using Cayley Table, show that Z 2 Z 2 is isomorphic to the Klein four group, V
J : Z 2 Z 2 p V2 V2 ! J : G p Gd where G = Z 2 Z 2 and Gd V2 V2
Z2 Z2

(0,0) (0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1)

(0,1) (0,1) (0,0) (1,1) (1,0)

(1,0) (1,0) (1,1) (0,0) (0,1)

(1,1) (1,1) (1,0) (0,1) (0,0)

V2 V2 (e,e)

(e,a) (e,a) (e,e) (a,a) (a,e)

(a,e) (a,e) (a,a) (e,e) (e,a)

(a,a) (a,a) (a,e) (e,a) (e,e)

(0,0) (0,1) (1,0) (1,1)

(e,e) (e,a) (a,e) (a,a)

(e,e) (e,a) (a,e) (a,a)

G and Gd different but isomorphic are (0,0) can substitute by (e,e) (0,1) can substitute by (e,a) (1,0) can substitute by (a,e)

The one to one correspondence (0,0) p (e,e) (0,1) p (e,a) (1,0) p (a,e)

(1,1) can substitute by (a,a) (1,1) p (a,a) G transforms to and Gd and Gd isomorphic to each other because there exist an isomorphism ;G are from the Cayley Table to the Klein Group.

(c)
(a) (3,2) p Z 3 Z 2

Z 3 ! _0,1, 2a

Z 2 ! _0,1a

Z 3 Z 2 ! _(0, 0), (0,1), (1, 0), (1,1), (2, 0), (2,1)a

(4,4) p Z 4 Z 4 Z 4 ! _0,1, 2,3a Z 4 Z 4 ! {(0, 0), (0,1), (0, 2), (0,3), (1, 0), (1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (2, 0), (2,1), (2, 2), (2,3),(3,0),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}
(3,4) p Z 3 Z 4 Z 3 ! _0,1, 2a Z 4 ! _0,1, 2,3a Z 3 Z 4 ! {(0, 0), (0,1), (0, 2), (0,3), (1, 0), (1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (2, 0), (2,1), (2, 2), (2,3)}

(6,2) p Z 6 Z 2 Z 4 ! _0,1, 2,3, 4,5a Z 2 ! _0,1a Z 6 Z 2 ! {(0, 0), (0,1), (1, 0), (1,1), (2, 0), (2,1),(3,0),(3,1),(4,0)(4,1),(5,0)(5,1)}

(b)

order of (3,2) = ` Z 3 Z 2 `! 6 = (3 2) order of (4,4) = ` Z 4 Z 4 `! 16 =(4 4) order of (3,4) = ` Z 3 Z 4 `! 12 =(3 4) order of (6,2) = ` Z 6 Z 2 `! 12 =(6 2) From this we can make the conjecture that the order of ` Z m Z n `! mn The Proof : ` Z m Z n `!` Z m `` Z n ` = (m) (n) = mn

QUESTION 2

The group of quaternions denoted by Q4 consists of the following elements , Q ! e, a, a 2 , a 3 , b, ba, ba 2 , ba 3 4

4 is defined by the following Cayleys table :

e e

a a 2 2 a a 3 a a3

a a 2 a 3 a

a 2 a 3 a

a 3 a

b b
ba
3
2

ba ba

b
ba

e
a 2 ba 3 ba

e
ba ba
2

b
ba
3

b
ba
3

ba ba 2 2 ba ba

ba

b
ba

a ba a 2 ba 3 2 ba a a b ba e 2 3 ba a

ba ba 3 2 ba ba 2 ba ba b ba
3

ba ba 3 e a 2 3 a a 2 a a e a
2

b
a

e
a 2 a
3

Questions : Use the table to determine each of the following (Show your answer) : a) The center of Q4. b) All cyclic subgroups of Q4. c) cl(a) & cl(b) where cl(a) is defined as below : let G be a group. For each a G , defined the conjugacy class of a, cl (a) as
cl (a ) ! _ 1 x Ga xax

a THE CENTER OF Q4

The center of Q4 is a commutative subgroup of Q4 , denoted by Z(Q4 ) and define by :

Z(Q4 ) = _a Q4 : aq = qa, q Q4 a

Therefore, From the Cayley 's table :

a:
ae = a = ea aa = a = aa aa = a = a a aa = e = a a ab = ba { ba
3 3 3 2 3 2 2

This is because ba = ba

a :
a 2e a2a a2a2 a2a3 a 2b a 2 ba = a2 = a3 =e =a = ea 2 = aa 2 = a2a2 = a3a2 = ba 2 = ba 2 = ba 3 = = =

ba a 2

a2  2 = b ba a 2  3 = ba ba

ba a ba a
2 3

a :
a e = a = ea
3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

a a = e = aa
2

a a =a =a a a a =a =a a

2 3

3 3 3 3 3

a b = ba { ba This is because ba = ba

b:
be = b = eb ba = ba { ab This is because ab = ba
3

ba :
ba e = ba = e ba 2 ba a = ba { a ba
This is because a ba = b

ba :
ba e = ba ba a = ba
2 2 2 3

{ a ba
2 2

= e ba

This is because a ba

= ba

ba :
ba e = ba ba a = b
3 3 3

{ a ba
3 3

= e ba

This is because a ba

= ba

From the Cayley 's table, it is shown that a is the commutative subgroup of Q4 which means a and e identity is the center of Q4 .
2

Therefore, Z Q4 ! _ e,a

b
ALL CYCLIC SUBGROUP OF Q4

For any q Q4 , the subgroup H ! x Q4 x ! q n for n Z

is called the cyclic subgroup of Q4 .

Thus, from the table :
H1 ! e H2 ! a H3 ! a2 H 4 ! a3 H5 ! b H 6 ! ba ! _ n n Za e ! _ n n Za a ! _ea 1, ! _ a, a 2 , a 3 , ea! _ , a 2 , a3 , easin ce1 Q4 a

( ! _ a 2 )n n Z a ! _ 2 , ea a ( ! _ a 3 )n n Z a ! _ 3 , a 2 , a, ea ! H 2 a ! _ n n Za b ! _ , a 2 , ba 2 , ea b ( ! _ ba) n n Z a ! _ , a 2 , ba 3 , ea ba

( H 7 ! ba 2 ! _ ba 2 )n n Z a! _ 2 , a 2 , b, ea ba ( H 8 ! ba 3 ! _ ba 3 ) n n Z a! _ 3 , a 2 , ba, ea! H 6 ba

c
cl(a) & cl(b)

i
1) eae
2 1

cl ( a) ! _ qaq q Q4 a
1

!a
2 1

2) aaa 1 ! aaa 3 ! a 3) a a ( a ) 5) bab

1

! a aa

!a
3

4) a 3 a ( a 3 ) 1 ! a 3 aa ! a ! (b) a (ba ) ! a
2 2 2

6) (ba ) a (ba ) 1 ! (ba ) a (ba 3 ) ! a 3 7)(ba ) a (ba ) ! (ba ) a (b) ! a

2 3

8) (ba 3 ) a (ba 3 ) 1 ! (ba 3 ) a (ba ) ! a 3

ii

cl (b) ! _ qbq q Q4 a
1

1) ebe 1 ! b 2) aba 1 ! aba 3 ! ba 2 3) a 2b ( a 2 ) 1 ! a 2ba 2 ! b 4) a 3b( a 3 ) 1 ! a 3ba ! ba 2 5) bbb 1 ! (b ) b (ba 2 ) ! b 6) (ba )b(ba ) 1 ! (ba )b(ba 3 ) ! ba 2 7) (ba 2 )b(ba 2 ) ! (ba 2 )b(b) ! b 8) (ba )b(ba )
3 3 1

! (ba )b(ba ) ! ba

THE END