MORPHOLOGY

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ASMAA LIYANA BINTI JAAFAR SITI KHADIJAH BINTI MOHD HASSAN SYAZANA LIYANA BINTI AHMAD WAN HAFIZAH BINTI WAN ABD RAHIM

MORPHOLOGY
TYPES OF MORPHEMES

DERIVATIONAL

BOUND & FREE MORPHEMES

& INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

EPONYMS

BACKFORMATION

PREFIXES & SUFFIXES

COMPOUNDING

BLENDING

CLIPPING
ROOTS & STEMS ABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYMS

AFFIXATION

Morpheme smallest unit of a word/ meaning Monomorphemic 1 morpheme

Morphology study of word formation

Polymorphemic more than 1 morpheme

e.g: e.g: pizza, ceiling

unexpected

Morphology = study of word formation Morpheme = smallest unit of a word/ meaning =words, word stems, and affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes Morpheme monomorphemic = 1 morpheme e.g: e.g: pizza, ceiling  polymorphemic= more than morpheme polymorphemic= e.g unexpected = 4 syll/ 3 morph syll/ discrimination = 5 syll/ 2 morp syll/

BOUND MORPHEME
Affixes
cannot stand alone (independent)
only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic multiword.

Bound morpheme
Affixes cannot stand alone (independent) only appear as part of a larger, multi-morphemic multiword.

Bound morphemes may be derivational or inectional

FREE MORPHEME
able to appear as a word by itself.

root

can stand alone

(dependent)

Free morpheme root can stand alone (dependent) able to appear as a word by itself.

DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
create new words. (derive new words from other words.) e.g: e.g: preview pre + view. change part of speech or the meaning of a word part of speech: judge-ment (V -> N) judgeusually occur before inectional suffixes: workworkerer-s can be either suffixes or prefixes

INECTIONAL MORPHEME
make minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other words. e.g : cats cat + s

There are only eight inectional morphemes: -s, -ed, -ing, -en, -s, ed, ing, -'s, -er, -es er, do not change meaning or part of speech: cat cats - cat's -> nouns can only be suffixes

AFFIXES
are attached to the end of the stem; }Prefixes are attached to the front of the stem; }Infixes are put in the middle of the word;
}Suffixes

ROOT
}core

of the word.

}Carries

the main part of its meaning. to a lexical category (noun, verb, preposition, etc).

}Belong

STEM
}root }the

to which an affix can be added.

root dog is also a stem, because, even though it contains no affix(es), affix(es), an affix could be added to it - to form, e.g., dog-s. dognotion is necessary because not all roots are such that affixes can be added to them - e.g., of,or, I, etc. of,or,

}This

BACK FORMATION
addition at end of word which can change the whole meaning (word class) } Examples: } Create (V) + tion = creation (Nn) } Form (V) + tion = formation (Nn) } Commute(V) + tion = communication (Nn)
 Notes } The

that the word class is usually change from a verb to a noun.

ACRONYM
formed by taking the initial letters of the words of a phrase and uniting them to form a pronounceable word: } Examples:  LASER = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation  SCUBA = self-contained underwater breathing apparatus  RADAR = radio detecting and ranging  AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
} Abbreviation

EPONYM
word derived from the name of a real, fictional, mythical or spurious character or person. } Examples: } Alzheimer = Alois Alzhemier } Augustus = Augustus Ceaser } Boycott = Charles C. Boycott } Braille = Louis Braille } Casanova = Giovanni Jacopo Casanova, an Italian adventurer.
}a

CLIPPING
of creating new words by shortening parts of longer words. }The words is standardize in all regions. }Examples:
} Doctor

}Process

= doc } Professional = pro } veterinarian = vet } Laboratory = lab

o o o o o

Advertisement= advs Dormitory = dorm Examination = exam Bicycle = bike Refrigerator = fridge

COMPOUNDING

Union of two or more words to convey a special meaning that is not as clearly or quickly conveyed by separated words.

May be hyphenated, written open (as separate words) / written solid (closed).

COMPOUND NOUNS
MIXTURE EXAMPLES

NOUN + NOUN

bath towel; boy-friend; death blow pickpocket; breakfast

VERB + NOUN

NOUN + VERB

nosebleed; sunshine

VERB + VERB

make-believe

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

deep structure; fast-food

MIXTURE

EXAMPLES

PARTICLE + NOUN

in-crowd; down-town

ADVERB + NOUN

now generation

VERB + PARTICLE

cop-out; drop-out

PHRASE COMPOUNDS

son-in-law

MIXTURE EXAMPLES COMPOUND VERBS NOUN + ADJECTIVE VERB + ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE ADVERB + ADJECTIVE PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE NOUN + NOUN card-carrying; childproof fail safe open-ended cross-modal over-qualified coffee-table

MIXTURE

EXAMPLES

VERB + NOUN

roll-neck

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

red-brick; blue-collar

PARTICLE + NOUN

in-depth

VERB + VERB

go-go; make-believe

ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB

high-rise

VERB + PARTICLE

see-through; tow-away

MIXTURE EXAMPLES COMPOUND ADJECTIVES NOUN + ADJECTIVE VERB + ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE + ADJECTIVE ADVERB + ADJECTIVE PARTICLE + ADJECTIVE NOUN + NOUN childproof fail safe open-ended cross-modal over-qualified coffee-table

MIXTURE

EXAMPLES

VERB + NOUN

Roll neck

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

red-brick; blue-collar

PARTICLE + NOUN

in-depth

VERB + VERB

make-believe

ADJECTIVE/ ADVERB + VERB

high-rise

VERB + PARTICLE

see-through; tow-away

BLENDING

taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words

E.g: Smog (smoke + fog) Motel (motor + hotel) Telecast (television + broadcast)

Shortening of existing words to create other words, usually informal versions of the originals ABBREVIATION

E.g: Pt (Private) Prof (Professor) Utd (United)

AFFIXATIONS
morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to a root or stem. 3 affix: Prefix (before) Infix (within) Suffix (end)

PREFIX AdCircumComDeDisExIn-

MEANING To, toward Around, about With, together Away from, off Away, apart From, out Not

In InterMisPostReSubTransUn-

In, Into Between Wrong After Back, again Beneath, under Across Not