German Measles and Rabies

BSN 3-2 GROUP 3

German Measles (Rubella)

Description

Also known as rubella or 3-day measles Is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes

Mode of transmission

Usually transmitted by droplets from the nose or throat that others breathe in. It can also pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to infect her unborn child

Incubation The incubation period for rubella is 14-23 days, with an average incubation period of 16-18 days. This means that it can take 2-3 weeks for a child to get rubella after they are exposed to someone with the disease.

Cause/ Etiologic Agent

Rubella virus

Signs and Symptoms

One to two days

mild fever (99-100 F/37.2-37.8 C)

swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears

A rash then begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads, it usually clears on the face. This rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices.

 The rubella rash can look like many other viral rashes. It appears as either pink or light red spots, which may merge to form evenly colored patches. The rash can itch and lasts up to 3 days. As the rash clears, the affected skin occasionally sheds in very fine flakes.

Other symptoms of rubella

These are more common in teens and adults:

Headache loss of appetite Mild conjunctivitis stuffy or runny nose swollen lymph nodes in other parts of the body

Rubella in a pregnant woman

can cause congenital rubella syndrome, with potentially devastating consequences for the developing fetus. Children who are infected with rubella before birth are at risk for growth retardation; mental retardation; malformations of the heart and eyes; deafness; and liver, spleen, and bone marrow problems.

Duration
The rubella rash usually lasts 3 days Lymph nodes may remain swollen for a week or more joint pain can last for more than 2 weeks. Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer.

Diagnostic test

Appearance of the rash plus a positive culture of pharyngeal secretions

Treatment

Rubella cannot be treated with antibiotics because they do not work against viral infections. Unless there are complications, rubella will resolve on its own.

Any pregnant woman who has been exposed to rubella should contact her obstetrician immediately.

Rubella is typically mild in kids, who often can be cared for at home. Monitor your child's temperature and call the doctor if the fever climbs too high.

To relieve minor discomfort, you can give your child acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to a child with a viral illness because such use has been associated with the development of Reye s syndrome, which can lead to liver failure and death.

Nursing Diagnosis
Ineffective Thermoregulation Activity Intolerance Impaired Skin Integrity Alteration in comfort: PAIN Altered Nutrition: Less than body requirements

Description
is a zoonotic disease (a disease that is transmitted to humans from animals The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches.

STATISTICS
Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. Worldwide, more than 55 000 people die of rabies every year. 40% of people who are bitten by suspect rabid animals are children under 15 years of age. In the Philippines an approximately 300 to 600 Filipinos die of rabies every year. The country has one of the highest prevalence rates of rabies in the whole world.

Two types of Rabies

Urban or Canine Sylvatic

Cause/Etiologic agent

rhabdovirus

 Dogs are the source of 99% of human rabies deaths. Wound cleansing and immunization within a few hours after contact with a suspect rabid animal can prevent the onset of rabies and death. Every year, more than 15 million people worldwide receive a post-exposure preventive regimen to avert the disease this is estimated to prevent 327 000 rabies deaths annually.

Mode of Transmission
Usually by bites of a Rabid animal Virus may be introduced to fresh skin breaks and scratch (very rare) Transmission from to man to man is possible. Airborne spread in cave with millions of bats have occurred, although rarely. Organ transplant (corneal)

Incubation
Usually 2-8 weeks. It can be as long as a year or several years depending on the severity of the wounds, site of the wound as distance from the brain, amount of virus introduced and protection provided by clothing

Period of Communicability

In dogs and cats, for 3-10 days before onset of clinical signs (rarely over 3 days) and throughout the duration of the disease.

Susceptibility and Resistance

All warm-blooded mammals are susceptible. Natural immunity in man is unknown.

Signs and Symptoms

Sense of Apprehension

Headache

Fever

Sensory change near the site

Spasms of muscles or deglutition on attempts to swallow (Hydrophobia)

Paralysis

Delirium and Convulsions

Remember

Without medical intervention, the rabies victim would only last for 2-6 days. DEATH is often due to respiratory paralysis

Management/Prevention The wound must be immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. Antiseptics such as povidone iodine or alcohol may be applied. The patients may be given antibiotics and anti tetanus

 Active Immunization Passive Immunization Consult a veterinarian or trained personnel to observe your pet for 14 days for signs of rabies Be a responsible pet owner Consult for rabies diagnosis and surveillance area Mobilize for community participation

National Rabies Prevention and Control Program

GOAL: human rabies must be eliminated in the Philippines and the country is declared rabies-free The program is implemented by the Department of Agriculture (Bureau of Animal Industry), Department of Health, Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Department of Interior and local government and NonGovernment Organizations

 Strategies

Manpower development Social Mobilization Local Program Implementation Dog Immunization

Nursing Diagnosis
Risk for Infection Alteration in Comfort: PAIN Ineffective Thermoregulation: Hyperthermia Activity Intolerance Risk for Injury Impaired Physical Mobility Altered Nutrition: Less than body requirements