DNA & RNA structure & function

Objectives

Types of purine & pyrimidine bases and sugars present in nucleic acids. Define nucleoside, nucleotide, DNA & RNA and name their structural components Define nuclear DNA, name its different forms and show structure of its B form. Define (Codon & types) - gene- (coding & non-coding) .

Dr:AbouSree Ellethy Dentistry- 1432-1433

The building units for Carbohydrates are. Amino Acid Fatty acid Monosaccharides The building of fats units are Sugars Fatty acids Amino Acids The building units for Proteins are. Sugars Fatty acids Amino Acids The building units for Genetic materials are ??????????? .

Revision
The building units for Carbohydrates are. Amino Acids Fatty acids Sugars The building of fats units are Sugars Fatty acids Amino Acids The building units for Proteins are. Sugars Fatty acids Amino Acids The building units for Genetic materials are ??????????? .

Nitrogenous Bases

- Pyramidines: Thymine and cytosine have single-ring structures. - Purines: Adenine and guanine have double-ring structures.

Sugars & Bases Pairing

Adenine (A) would form 2 hydrogen bonds only with thymine (T) (T)

Guanine (G) would form 3 hydrogen bonds only (C). with cytosine (C). Base pairing has balanced ratio of (A = T) & (G = C) bases based Chargaffs Rule

Deoxy ribose

Ribose

Question:
If there is 30% Adenine how much Cytosine is Adenine, present? Answer: There would be 20% Cytosine Adenine (30%) = Thymine (30%) Guanine (20%) = Cytosine (20%) Therefore, 60% A-T + 40% C-G AC-

Nucleosides
 A base is linked via a glycosidic bond to sugar unit like Ribose or Deoxyribose sugars.  Nomenclature by adding -idine to the root name of pyrimidines or -osine to the root name of purines.
Nucleobase + Sugar Adenosine Thymidine Cytidine Guanosine Uridine Nucleobase+ deoxy sugar Deoxy-adenosine Deoxy-thymidine Deoxy-cytidine Deoxy-guanosine Deoxy-uridine

Nucleotides
Covalent Bonds

Nucleotide consists of 3 components: 1. A phosphate group 2. A sugar :Deoxyribose. 3. A Nitrogenous Base Held Together by Covalent Bonds.
P S B

 Nucleotides

represent

mono

phosphonucleotides,

di-

phosphonucleotides & tri-phosphonucleotides.  The phosphoryl group is added on C-5 of the pentose.

Nucleotides
Purines nucleotides: Adenine or Guanine + sugar+ phosphate group

Adenine

Guanine

Pyramidines nucleotides: Cytosine and Thymine + sugar+ phosphate group

Cytosine

Thymine

DNA & RNA Structure

CH2 O H H H H H

CH2 O H H H H OH

Deoxyribose sugar missed) (O on C2 is missed) Deoxiribo-Nucleic-Acid Double stranded nucleic acid Bases: A, G, C, T

Ribose sugar O) (no missed O) Ribo-Nucleic-Acid Single stranded nucleic acid Bases: A, G, C, U

B form of DNA
 B-DNA is the most common right-handed (20 angstrom diameterA  The length for one complete turn of the double helix (34 ).  The width of the double helix (20 ).  A single turn of B-DNA about the axis of the molecule contains ten base pairs (3.4 /bps.)  The distance spanned by one turn of B-DNA is 3.4 nm. The width (helical diameter) of the double helix in B-DNA is 2 nm.  complementary base-pairing (watson-crick)
A-T G-C

Codon
Definition: It is three successive nucleotides of an mRNA that encode a specific amino acid in polypeptide chain.  There are 64 codons code for the 20 amino acids.  There are more than one codone for the same amino acid  Start codon is (methionine, AUG)  Stop codons are (UAA, UAG & UGA)

Codon
Second position C A UAU UCU Tyr UAC UCC Ser UAA STOP UCA UAG STOP UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG GCU GCC GCA GCG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG His Gln Asn Lys Asp Glu

U UUU UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG AUU AUC AUA AUG GUU GUC GUA GUG Phe Leu

G UGU UGC UGA UGG CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG Cys STOP Trp U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G

First position

Leu

Pro

Arg

Third position

Ile Met

Ser Arg

Thr

Val

Ala

Gly

Types of Mutations:
Defination: Altering the nucleotide sequence

Example Original DNA Template C A A T G C T A C 1. Substitution: one base pair for another. CAACGCTAC 2. Deletion: missing a base. C A A T --- C T A C 3. Addition: adding an extra base C A A T- A- G C T A C 4. Inversion: bases are rearranged. CAGATCTAC

Types of Mutations:
A- Point mutation
1. Silent= codons contain the changed base will code for the same amino acid.
Example: UCA

UCU codes for Serine

2. Mis sense= codons contain the changed base may code for a different
amino acid UCA= serine

CCA=proline

3. Non sense= codons contain the changed base may become a Termination codon UCA= serine UAA=stop codon

Types of Mutations:
B-Frame- shift mutation
Deletion or addition of one or two base to DNA sequence, leading to change in reading frame (reading sequence)

Structure of gene
Gene:A segment of DNA on the chromosome that codes for a specific protein.
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Gene composed of

(5)

Enhancers: control elements or sequences that activate promotors. Promotors: DNA sequences activate synthesis of new DNA strand. Exons: coding DNA sequences (share protein synthesis) Introns: they are non coding DNA sequences (does not share protein synthesis)