FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION

WHAT IS AN OPTICAL FIBER ?

A cable made up of glass with very thin and light weight structure used to transmit data. It is a guided link which uses light for transmission of high speed data. Total Internal Reflection is the key of operation.

PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION
It is based on the principle of total internal reflection of light. Properties of Light Travels at a speed of 3 X 1010 cm/sec Travels in straight line Can be reflected from a plain surface Refracts from the path when travels from one medium to another

PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION
Refraction depends upon refractive index of the medium Refractive index = Speed of light in free space/ speed of light in medium Typical refractive index of few mediumsVacuum = 1.0 Free Space = 1.0003 Water = 1.33

PRINCIPLE OF TRANSMISSION
Glass = 1.5 Diamond = 2.0 Silicon = 3.4

PRINCIPLE OF REFRECTION
As per snell s law- n1.sin I = n2.sin r If r = 90, I = critical angle I n1 sin I = n2.sin r/n1 = n2.sin 90/n1 Critical angle =sin-1 n2/n1 n2 r

PRINCIPLE OF REFRECTION
Optic fiber has to concentric layers called core and cladding The refractive index of the core material (n1) is slightly higher than that of cladding (n2). Typical values- core (n1)= 1.48 to 1.5 Cladding (n2)= 1.46 to 1.48

ADVANTAGES OF OFC
Low transmission loss- Larger spacing between repeaters High bandwidth- Large no. of channel capacity Immune to Electromagnetic and radio frequency interface Small in size- Light in weight- easy to handle Safe in transmission and handling- do not carry any electricity/ voltage

ADVANTAGES OF OFC
Signal security- Can not be detected as do not radiate any electromagnetic waves WPC clearance not required, as no radiation of electromagnetic power. Raw material Cheap, easily available, less resale value so not theft prone. System up gradation- Easy only with the addition of terminal and repeater equipments

CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
Core Cladding Buffers- Primary and Secondary coating Secondary coating- Loose buffer, tight buffer, open channel Strength member, core wrap, cable sheath, armour and jacketing

CONSTRUCTION FEATURES

MATERIAL CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBER

Fibers are classified as Glass fiber- Fiber and cladding both of glass. Widely used. Plastic Clad- Fiber glass and cladding of plastic. High losses- inferior to glass fiber. Plastic fiber- Both plastic. Very high losses and low bandwidth.

CLAFFICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBER

Multi mode step index fiber Multi mode graded index fiber Single mode fiber

LIGHT TRANSMISSION IN DIFFERENT MODES OF OPTICAL FIBER

ACCEPTANCE ANGLE

LOSSES IN THE OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Due to couplers and connectors Splicing losses Losses of fiber cable itself- Due to absorption- Intrinsic, due to impurities. - Due to scattering- Rayleigh scattering loss, low at longer wavelengths as inversely proportional to 4 - Geometric effects- Micro bending-Macro bending

JOINTING/ TESTING OF OPTICAL FIBER

Jointing( known as splicing)-basically two types Mechanical Splices- Used for temporary splicing or where splicing not feasible. Imperfect, high loss Fusion Splicing- The fibers are jointed by fusion using high arc. Testing of fiber is done for loss using power source and detector

EQUIPMENTS AND TOOLS REQUIRED FOR OFC MAINTENANCE

Basic Tool Kit including cutter, plier, screw drivers, knife, PVC tapes, cotton tapes etc. OTDR for fault localization Splicing Machine including complete tools for cleaning & splicing of fibers & protection box for joints. Power source and detector for fiber testing

ANY QUERIES ???

Thank You