Basics

Objectives
   

Understand Concept of Cellular Understand the functional blocks in a GSM Network Understand the Air Interface with Channels Understand Mobile Call Setup Operations

Agenda
         

Need for Cellular Introduction to Cellular Channelization Concept GSM Evolution and Markets GSM Network Arhcitecure GSM Air Interface Parameters GSM Speech Coding Physical and Logical Channels Frames and MultiFrames GSM Basic Operations

Telephony
Communication is today's basic need  Telephone has become part of life


Fixed Line Telephones

What are the drawbacks ?

Fixed Line Telephones

No Mobility

Delay in New Connections

Security Hazards

Prone to Failures ( Line Disconnection, etc ) Very less value added services

Mobile Communications


Drawbacks of Fixed Phones have triggered wireless communications

"Call People , Not Places "

Wireless Access Methods

First Wireless Signal

Postcard: Chicago Daily News

MCG Spokane Division 9/93 Company Confidential

RTEd Sem, 1000-1268

Wireless Communication Model

Source Receiver Display Transmitter



Media of transmission is Radio Frequency

Authoring Division Name File Name Security Notice (if required)

Types of Wireless Communications

Simplex
The direction of transmission is in one direction only

BEEP
Ex : Broadcast Services ( AM/FM Radios, Television ) Paging Services
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Types of Wireless Communications

Half - Duplex
The direction of transmission is alternate in both directions

"A " Tx
Rx
A transmits -- B receives, then B transmits -- A receives

"B " Tx
Rx

Ex : PTT Handsets, Trunked Radios

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Types of Wireless Communication

Duplex
The direction of transmission is simultaneous in both directions

Ex : Cordless Telephones, Mobile Phones, Microwave Radios

Is there separate frequency of transmission at both ends ?
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wireless Communication !!! At what frequency ?
AM BROADCAST RADIO

VHF TV

VHF TV

MICROWAVES

1MHz

VISIBLE LIGHT 1GHz 10GHz 100 GHz 10

12

10MHz

100MHz

10

14

10

15

MF 1000m 100m

HF 10m

VHF 1m

UHF 10cm

SHF 1cm

EHF 1mm
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1m

Selection of Band for Wireless Communication

Properties of Radio Frequencies
Low Frequency - Less Loss ,,, High Frequency - More Loss To overcome loss , more power required, More Power - Health hazards Low Frequency - High Beamwidth - Wider and Deeper Coverage

MF : 300 KHz - 3 MHz ( Domestic Radios ) HF : 3 MHz - 30 MHz VHF : 30 MHz - 300 MHz ( FM, Paging, PTT ) UHF : 300 MHz - 3 GHz ( Mobile Radios, Cordless Phones ) SHF : 3 GHz - 30 GHz ( Microwave Band )

Selection of Band will depend on Application Frequency Band is subdivided into Application Band Application Band is further divided into Technology Channels
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Channelization
 

Frequency Band has several application segments Certain blocks of the Band are reserved for certain applications by regulating authorities and as well by standard Technologies Technologies have decided on fixed bandwidth Channels within these bands

Example : Mobile Communications

AMPS / DAMPS : 824 MHz -- 894 MHz ( 50 MHz + 20 MHz separation) GSM : 890 MHz -- 960 MHz -- ( 50 MHz + 20 MHz separation)

These 50 Mhz are bands are further divided into Channels Channelization can be done by three methods --- FDMA --- TDMA --- CDMA
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Channelization Methods

FDMA
Power Time

FDMA

Frequency

Ex: AMPS / DAMPS band is divided into 30 Khz Channels ( 1666 Freq Chs) GSM band is divided into 200 Khz Channels ( 250 Freq Chs ). Television Channels ( Star, Zee, Sony, MTV, BBC, CNN etc. )

Authoring Division Name File Name Security Notice (if required)

Channelization Methods

TDMA
Power Time

FDMA/TDMA
  

Frequency

Each FDMA Channel is divided into Timeslots Each Timeslot is of fixed period This method increases the number of Channels in a system

Ex: DAMPS has 3 timeslots on each 30 Khz Channel ( 4998 Channels) GSM has 8 timeslots on each 200 Khz Channel ( 2000 Channels )
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Channelization Methods

CDMA
Time Power

CDMA
 

Frequency

Frequency Channel is divided into Code Channels 1.25 MHz of FDMA Channel is divided into 64 Code Channels

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Mobile Telephony -- Channelization

Mobile Telephony needs Duplex Communication

How many Channels will be required for one call ? What type of Channels ?
-- FDMA, TDMA, FDMA/TDMA , FDMA/CDMA or something else

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Duplex Access Methods

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Amplitude Time

Tx
F1 F2

Rx
Frequency

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Amplitude Time

Tx
F1 H

Rx

Rx Tx
Frequency

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Introduction to Cellular Communications

Need for Cellular

Cellular structure
Cellular network has cells of different sizes. Bigger cells are used where subcriber density is low. Smaller cells are used where subscriber density is high.

Cell Configuration
Omnidirectional Cell Sectorial Cell

BTS

BTS

Frequency Reuse
F= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

Clusters
    

GSM uses concept of cells One cell covers small part of network Network has many cells Frequency used in one cell can be used in another cells This is known as Frequency Re-use F=2 F=7 F=1 F=6,10 F=5,9

F=2 F=7 F=1 F=6,10 F=5,9 F=3 F=7 F=4,8 F=6,10 F=5,9 F=1 F=4,8 F=2 F=3 F=4,8 F=3

Co-Channel ( Re-use ) Cells

Distance between two cells using same frequencies

D=R x SQRT( 3 x N )
N= Cluster size ( 7 in this case ) R=Radius of one cell D=Dist between two cells using same channels

1,13,29

DD

1,13,29 1,13,29

1,13,29

Cell Splitting

Macro Cell Macro Cell Micro Cells Macro Cell

Micro Cells

Pico Cell

Mixed Cell Structure

Macrocell base station Indoor Picocell Indoor Picocell

Microcell base stations

Microcell network Macrocell network

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GSM TECHNOLOGY - Standards & Implementation.

GSM900 DCS1800
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GLOBAL System for Mobiles



239 licenses in 109 countries now 44 million subscribers now One New subscriber Every Second ! > 200 million subscribers by Year 2000

GSM900
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Personal Communications Networks

UK: DCS1800 Mercury One-2-One Microtel-Orange

USA: PCS1900 for new PCS France: DCS1800 For new PCN Germany: DCS1800 E Net

Hong Kong: DCS1800 for 6 New PCNs

Thailand: DCS1800 AIS

Australia: DCS1800 for new PCN

DCS1800 PCS1900
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Evolution of GSM
GSM Requirements
        

Good subjective speech quality Encryption of user information Must operate in the entire 890 - 960 Mhz frequency band Spectral efficiency Support for international roaming Minimize modifications to the existing fixed public networks Low handsets and service cost ISDN compatibility Support for range of new services and facilities

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The Global Standard

Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available

Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

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Other GSM standards

DCS 1800
    

GSM 900 and DCS 1800 use the same standards DCS 1800 specs are defined as a delta standard to GSM specs Same GSM switches can be used for DCS 1800 Some software upgrading may be required ( if RR are manged by switch ) Dual Mode handsets will be required to support both

PCS 1900
ETSI has assisted ANSI T1 and TIA TR-46 committees to formulate specs for PCS 1900.
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Evolution of GSM
The History
1982 : Group Special Mobile formed within CEPT 1986 : A permenent Nucleus formed 1987 : Radio transmission Techniques are chosen.Field completed 1987 : GSM becomes ETSI technical committee 1987 : 13 Operators sign a memorandum of uderstanding 1989 : Prototype ( validation ) systems are on the air 1990 : GSM Phase I specifications are finalised 1991 : UK,France,Germany andItaly introduce GSM services 1992 : Motorola cuts over the first commercial system built COMVIQ on Sept 1 1994 : GSM Phase 2 specifications released 1996 : GSM Phase 2+ specs are now defined

trials

for

GSM Phase I specification document has 5230 pages !!!

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Growth

Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

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Technology Evolution
Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

Full Urban coverage in Western Europe WW Roaming available Subscribers can utilize multiple networks First dualband networks appearing in Europe and Asia

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GSM 2G+
HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure

HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data

Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure

HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data

Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data transmission Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure
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IMT-2000 / 3G+ (International Mobile Telecommunications -2000)

HSCSD - High Speed Cir

Multiple TDMA timeslots allocate Bandwidth on demand, up to 64k Compatible with existing GSM ne
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HSCSD - High Speed Circuit S

Multiple TDMA timeslots allocated for data Bandwidth on demand, up to 64kBit/s Compatible with existing GSM network infrastructure

GSM Standards structure 01 Series : General  02 Series : Service aspects  03 Series : Network aspects  04 Series : MS-BS interface and protocols ( air interface layer 2 & 3)  05 Series : Physical layer on the Radio path ( air interface layer 1)  06 Series : Speech coding specs.
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GSM STANDARDS - Continued

07 Series : Terminal adaptation for mobile

stations 08 Series : BSS - MSC interfaces ( A & Abis) 09 Series : Network interworking 10 Series : Empty - For future use 11 Series : Equipment and Type approval specifications 12 Series : Operation & Maintenance
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GSM Network Architecture

BSC
OML

OMC VMSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS MS BTS BTS BTS

A
TRAU

AUC

MSC

HLR EIR VLR

SMSC BC BSC PSTN

MS - Mobile Station
   

   

Mobile station provides user access to GSM network for Voice & Data. All GSM mobiles comply to the GSM standards. Subscriber data is read from a SIM card that plugs into MS. Each MS has a unique number called as IMEI number, which is stored in EIR for authentication purposes. Mobile camps on to the GSM network through a BTS serving the cell. Mobile also scans neighbouring cells and reports signal strength. Network knows whereabouts of mobiles from HLR & VLR databases. Mobile Transmit and Receive voice at 13 KB/s over air interface.

MS BTS BTS

VLR EIR AUC

MS

BTS
SIM

HLR

MS - Mobile Station
Mobile Station Output Power
CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS 4 CLASS 5 20 watts 8 watts 5 watts 2 watts 0.8 watts Vehicle and Portable Portable and Vehicle Hand-held Hand-held Hand-held

Output Power determines:

---- Accessibility in areas of coverage ---- Talk time and Standby Time
 Output Power on call is varied as commanded by BTS
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GSM Course

Mobile Station Identities

MSISDN : Human Identity used to call a Mobile Station CC NDC 98 XXX SN 12345

IMEI: Serial number unique to every Mobile Station TAC

6 digits

FAC
2 digits

SNR
6 digits

SP
1digit

GSM Course

SIM - Subscriber Identity Module

 Removable Module inserted when the subscriber wants to use the MS

Two Sizes Credit Card Stamp Size

GSM

   

4-8 digits PIN code 3 false entries - blocks 8 digit PUK 10 false entries - disabled MS

IMSI : Network Identity unique to a SIM

3 digits 2 digits 10 digits

MCC MNC 404 XX

H

MSIN 12345

ROM = 6kb to 16kb RAM = 128 byte to 256 byte EEPROM = 3 kb to 8 kb

GSM Course

SIM - Subscriber Identity Module

Contents of SIM
       

Serial Number IMSI, Subscriber Key ( Ki ) Algorithms for Authentication, Ciphering Network Code PIN, PUK Charging Information Abbreviated Dialling Supplementary Features ( e.g. call barring )

 SIM features and contents are personalized by the Service Activator  MS also stores some temporary data on SIM during operation

GSM Course

Base Station Cell Site Architecture

BTS Cabin/Shelter/Room GSM Antenna System AirCon

Mains Power Panel

BTS
DMR

DC Power Supply Unit

Battery Backup

Abis H
GSM Course

BTS - Base Transceiver Station

     

BTS has a set of Transceivers to communicate with mobile's in its area One BTS covers one or more than one cell The capacity of a cell depends upon number of tranceivers in a cell. BTS is connected to the BSC through Abis Interface, which is a 2Mb/s BTS transmit and receive voice at 13 kbps over air interface to the mobiles. BTS commands mobiles to set Tx. power, timing advance and Handovers

BTS

MS BSC

MSC
GSM Course

CELL
H

RF Channels

Abis - 2 MBits/s

BTS Architecture 1
Rx A Tx Rx B

BSC

BPF

RFU

COM
A1 B1

Splitter
A2 B2

TRX 1
H

TRX 2

T R A U

Fr R e f

T S B

PCM Interface Alarm Interface

BTS

Processor Modules

GSM Course

BTS Architecture 2
BTS Cabinet. 3 Channel. Single Sector
NEM Proprietary Interface BTS Alarms ABIS over G703 Backplane TRX Unit
TRX Logic

Interface

CPU

Q I TRX RF RF Power Amplifier

Combiner / Distribution Unit

Splitter

Antenna

LNA

Rx Filter Duplexer Coupler

Combiner Coupler

Frequency Reference Unit

PSU & Climate Control

GSM Course

BSC - Base Station Controller

   

Several BTS's are connected to one BSC BSC manages channel allocation,handovers and release of channels at connected BTS's BSC connects to each BTS on an Abis interface & to the MSC on A interface BSC has the entire database for all cell parameters associated with the BTS's.

Abis A MSC

GSM Course

Base Station Controller

BTS

MSC P C M P C M P C M T R A U T M G

T S B

BSC

Processor Modules

GSM Course

Abis Interface
E1 / T1

 

  

Abis is a G.703 interface. It could be E1 or T1 Abis carrries Traffic information of all the mobiles in the cells controlled by the BTS. Abis also carriers signalling information between BTS and BSC Signaling over Abis is done by LAPD protocols LAPD has several modes of implementation --- LAPD --- LAPD Concentrated --- LAPD Multiplexed

H
GSM Course

Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Signaling for each TRX is on a dedicated 64 Kbps circuit Maximum Signalling for 10 Transceivers on 1 E1 link

64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sync TRX Signaling 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels

} 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX

GSM Course

Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 1 Signaling for 4 TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps ciruit Maximum Signalling for 13 Transceivers on 1 E1 link

64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sync 4 x TRX Signaling 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 x TRX Signaling

} 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX

GSM Course

Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 2 Signaling for All TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps ciruit Maximum Signalling for 15 Transceivers on 1 E1 link

64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sync ALL TRX Signaling 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels

} 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX

GSM Course

Abis Interface
LAPD Modes
LAPD Multiplexed Signaling for each TRX is on 16kbps subchannel. Maximum signalling for 15 TRX's on

64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps 64 kbps

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sync TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels 4 Traffic Channels

} 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX } 1 TRX

GSM Course

TRAU - Transcoder / Rate Adaptation Unit

   

The MSC is based on ISDN switching. The Fixed Network is also ISDN based ISDN has speech rate of 64kbps. Mobile communicates at 13 Kbps TRAU converts the data rates between 13 KB/s GSM rate to 64 Kbits /s Standard ISDN rate TRAU can be colocated with the BTS,BSC or MSC or it can be a separate unit.

MS P S T N

RF Channels

MS

BTS

Abis interface 2 MBits/s

BSC

A interface 2 MBits/s

MSC TRAU

VOICE

13 KBits/sec

16 KBits/sec

16 KBits/sec

64 KBits/sec

LOCATION OF TRANSCODER
Colocated with MSC,BSC,BTS Separate Unit

64 kbps MSC Transcoder

16 kbps

BSC

GSM Course

MSC - Mobile Switching Centre

Exchange where calls are established,maintained and released. Database for all subcribers and their associated features. Communicates with BSC's on MS side and with PSTN on fixed line side. MSC is weighted on the number of subcribers it can support

MSC BTS's HLR

VLR

BSC's
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GSM Course

MSC - Mobile Switching Centre

Multiple MSC's MSC BSC's GMSC

BSC's

MSC More subscribers ? More MSC's !

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GSM Course

HLR - Home Location Register

 MSC has all subscriber database stored in HLR  HLR has all permanent subscriber database  MSC communicates with HLR to get data for subscribers on call

HLR

HLR will have the series of all subscriber numbers, which may not be activated or issued .

GSM Course

VLR - Visiting Location Register

 A subscribtion when activated is registered in VLR  VLR has all the subscriber no's which are activated  VLR also has temporary database of all activated subscribers ( on/off, location )

HLR

VLR

MSC communicates with HLR for susbcribers coming from different MSC's and if found valid, then registers them in its VLR

GSM Course

AUC - Authentication Centre

   

Authentification is a process by which a SIM is verified Secret data and the verification process alogorithm are stored at AUC AUC is the element which carries out the verification of SIM AUC is associated with the HLR

MSC
MS

HLR

AUC

GSM Course

EIR : Equipment Identity Register

   

EIR is the Mobile Equipment Database which has a series of IMEI's MSC asks the Mobile to send its IMEI MSC then checks the validity of IMEI with the EIR All IMEI are stored in EIR with relevant classfications

Classifications of IMEI( Mobile Stations )

White List

Grey List Black List

EIR
MSC
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GSM Course

BC - Billing Centre
   

BC Generates the Billing Statement for each Subscriber BC may be directly connected to the MSC MSC sents the billing information ( duration of call ) to BC BC then produces the billing amount based on the units set

BC

GSM Course

OMC - Operations & Maintenance Centre

 

It is central monitoring and remote maintenance centre for all network elements OMC has links to BSC's and MSC BSC's

BTS's

MSC

BTS's

OMC System

BTS's
asasasaaaaa aqwtttsssdfaa qwrqrncnceas asasasaaaaa aqwtttsssdfaa qwrqrncnceas asasasaaaaa aqwtttsssdfaa qwrqrncnceas

OMC Terminals

GSM Course

OMC - Operations & Maintenance Centre

BSC's

BTS's

MSC

BTS's

OMC System
asasasaaaaa aqwtttsssdfaa qwrqrncnceas asasasaaaaa aqwtttsssdfaa qwrqrncnceas

OMC - R
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OMC - S
GSM Course

OMC - RADIO
BTS BSC
TRANSCODER

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

MSC MUX / DEMUX X.25 SWITCH SERVER OMC - R

GSM Course

OMC - Functions

OMC Functions

Alarm Monitoring

Configuration Changes

Performance Analysis

Environmental Alarms Power , Fire, Security, Aircons, etc.

Equipment Failure Alarms BTS, BSC site Failures MSC and pheripheral failures

Add new hardware Modify control parameters other software changes.

Cell Traffic Analysis No of calls, o/g ,i/c PSTN, Call drops etc.

GSM Course

Equipment Alarms
BTS , BSC , Transcoder Failures Link Failures Module Failures ( Transceiver,Processors)
Transceiver 1 Fail
17:35hrs Site A Transceiver 1 Fail

Network

BTS A

GSM Course

Cell Traffic

TCH TRAFFIC IN ERLANGS FROM 09:00 to 21:00hrs

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 cell names 1

GSM Course

SMSC - Short Message Service Centre

 Message is sent to a particular mobile.  Message transfer takes place through SMSC  Messages are be sent through a Manual Terminal connected to SMSC

MSC SMSC

GSM Course

VMSC : Voice Mail Service centre

 It has a database for all Voice Mail Subscribers  It also stores all the Voice Mail - Voice Messages

MSC VMSC

GSM Course

GSM Signaling Interfaces

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I = SS7 Abis = LAPD OML = X.25 BSC MSC B

VLR
G D

VLR
C F
HLR/AUC

HLR/ AUC

Abis BTS

EIR
OMC OML I E SUPP H GMSC
GSMSC

PSTN

SS7/R2

GSM Course

A GSM Cell
BCH
Broadcast CHannel

BTS

TCH
Traffic CHannel

Abis Interface To BSC

GSM Air Interface

Separate Bands for Uplink and Downlink Down link : 935 - 960 MHz ( E-GSM 925 - 960 MHz ) Uplink : 890 - 915 MHz ( E-GSM 880 - 915 MHz)  TDMA and FDMA Multiplex 124 Frequency Channels (ARFCN) for GSM900 1 to 124 for current band 975 to 1023 for E-GSM 200kHz Channels 8 Mobiles share ARFCN by TDMA
 

0.3 GMSK Modulation 270.833 kbits/sec. rate Variable Tx Power and Timing

TDMA and FDMA

Physical Channel is an ARFCN and Timeslot Time
7 6 5

Amplitude
3 2 1 0 7 1 2 3 4 5 6

Timeslot

Frequency

ARFCN

The GSM Burst

Time

Amplitude

Frequency

Speech Coding
PCM Coding - 64 KB/s

PSTN

Air Interface

RPE-LTP Coding in GSM - 13 KB/s

Speech Coder 20 ms Blocks

Defined under GSM TS 6.10

RPE and LTP Coder ( Regular Pulse Excited - Long Term Prediction ) RPE-LTP is a combination of RELP and MPE-LTP codecs. Coverts Speech to Low Data Rate 20ms Speech makes 260 Bits Output 13 kbit/s

Speech Coder 260 Bits Bits Ordered 260 Bits

50
Very Important Bits

132
Important Bits

78
Other Bits

Error Correction

50 Type Ia
Type Ia 50

Block Code
CRC 3

Type Ib

132

Type II

78

262 Bits in

Type Ib 132

Type II 78

Re-ordering
Type Ia 25 Type Ib 66 CRC 3 Type Ib 66 Type Ia 25 Tail 4 Type II 78

Half rate convolutional code

378

Type II 78

456 Bits Ou

456

Bits from 20ms of Speech

Diagonal Interleaving
456
57 57 Bits from 20ms of Speech

456
57 57

Bits from 20ms of Speech

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57

57 57

57 57

57 57

57 57

57 57

57 57

57 57

TCH
Traffic Channel (TCH) Bursts Carry Two 57 Bit Blocks (114) Each 120ms of Speech = 456x6 = 2736 bits 2736 / 114 = 24 bursts i.e. 24 frames (mobile Tx once per frame) Multiframe has 26 frames in 120ms There are 2 spare frames ......One SACCH, One Idle

Convolutional Coding & Interleaving Example:

Hello..... Encoder

Bits to be Txed:

HELLO FOLKS HHEELLLLOO FFOOLLKKSS ELSOLHLOFK LEOLSHOLKF EL SOL HLOFK LEOLSHOLKF HHEELLL -OO FFO -LLKK -S

Convolutional

Convolutionally Encoded: Interleaved:

Interleaver

Bits Rxed:

DeInterleaver

De-Interleaved:

Viterbi Decoded:

HELLO FOLKS

Speech coding Process

20ms Speech Coder 260 bits 13 kbps

22.8 Kbps 456 bits Tranceiver ( BTS ) 260 bits 13 kbps

50 1a

132 1b Channel Coder 456 bits

78 11

Transcoder Handler 16 kbps 260 + 60 = 320 bits TRAU Frame Abis

22.8 Kbps

GSM Course

TRAU Frame
T0 Synch T1 Sign T2 Abis T3 T T T T T30 T31

T = 16 Kbps

260 bits info + 60 TRAU bits = 320 bits/ 20ms = TRAU Frame 60 bits contains Frame Information data which indicates speech,data,idle,O & M , full-rate/half-rate.

60 bits = 35 synchronization + 21control + 4 timing

H GSM Course

Midamble or Training Bits

Timeslot (normal burst)
3 Tail bits 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3 8.25 bits Guard Period

Control bit Data

Tail Control bit Data bit

Midamble


8 Midamble Patterns (Colour Codes) of 26 bits  RACH and SCH have Longer 41 and 64 bit Midambles Equalizer Estimates Channel Impulse Response From Midamble  Mathematically Construct Inverse Filter  Uses Inverse to Decode Data Bits


GSM TDMA Power Burst

Power
-6 dB +4 dB +1.0 dB -1.0 dB -6 dB

-30 dB

147 "Useful" Bits 542.8Qs

-30 dB

-70 dB 10Qs 8Qs 10Qs

3 57 1 26 1 57 3

-70 dB 10Qs 8Qs 10Qs 148 "Active" Bits, 546.42Qs

Time

0.3 GMSK Modulation

Data 270.833kB/s +67.708 kHz Frequency -67.708 kHz Q I

Phase

+90deg

-90deg

Downlink and Uplink

Downlink
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

45 MHz

2 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Uplink

   

Uplink Lags Downlink by 3 Timeslot periods Uplink and Downlink use same Timeslot Number Uplink and Downlink use same Channel Number (ARFCN) Uplink and Downlink use different bands (45MHz apart for GSM900)

Measurements by MS and BTS

 

RXLEV is the received power level RXQUAL is the received quality.  It is the bit error measured on the Midamble

RXQUAL
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 < 0.2 % 0.2 - 0.4 % 0.4 - 0.8 % 0.8 - 1.6 % 1.6 - 3.2 % 3.2 - 6.4 % 6.4 - 12.8 %

Measuring Adjacent Cell BCH Power

DOWNLINK

UPLINK

ADJACENT CELL BCH

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

Mobile Power Control

  

Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs

Tx Level 5 6 7 . 14 15

Power dBm 33 31 29 . 15 13

Timing Advance TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at

the correct time. They must not overlap.

BTS

Concept Channels in GSM Concept of of Channels in GSM

A company vehicle is used for several purposes in a day..
      

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

To pick up employees in the morning To receive company guests from airport To carry material to the site / stores To Collect mail/courier To drop the employees back home To get a doctor in case of emergency To carry company gusts for a dinner

If there were two vehicles, we can allocate a set of tasks to one , and rest to the other. However, since both are identicle vehicles, there is greater flexibility in usage.

Time Sharing by Channels

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

4 FRAME NUMBER

Concept of Frames
Time slot Number.. 0 1 2 3 C T T T 4 T 5 T 6 T 7 T Frame No. 1

0 C

1 T T

2 T

4 T

5 T

6 T

7 T Frame No. 2

0 C T

1 T

2 T

3 T

4 T

5 T

7 T Frame No. 3

Frame No. 4

CHANNEL ALLOCATIONS IN A CELL

FRAME Number

0 1 2 3

C U1

C U1

C U1

C U1

C U8

C U8 U2 U3

C U8 U2 U3

C U8 U2

U2 U3 U3 U4 U5 U6 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

U2 U3 U4 U5

4 U4 5 6 7 U6 U6 U6 U5 U6 U5 U6 U5 U5 U5 U4 U4 U4

U7

U7

U7

Frames and Multiframes

Control Channel Multiframe
0 50

Traffic Channel Multiframe

0 26

4.615ms

Frame Timeslot
3

1 2

8 Timeslots

576.92 us Data 1 26 bits 1 Data 3 8.25 bits

(normal burst)

156.25 Bits

Tail bits

Tail Control Control bit bit bit 57 bits Midamble 57 bits

Guard Period

Channels in GSM Air Interface

0 1 2 3 4 5 PHYSICAL CHANNELS ARFCNs - 1 to 124 ( D & U ) Timeslots - 0 to 7 ( D & U ) Total of 124 x 8 = 992 Channels

12 3 4 56

LOGICAL CHANNELS ARFCN - X , Timeslot - Y Frame Number - N

CONTROL CHANNELS
BCH BROADCAST CHANNELS CCCH COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS DCCH DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELS

TRAFFIC CHANNELS

TCH TRAFFIC CHANNEL

FCCH Frequency Correction SCH Channel Synchronisation Channel BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

PCH PAGING CHANNEL AGCH ACCESS GRANT RACH CHANNEL RANDOM

SDCCH Standalone SACCH Dedicated Slow Control FACCH Associated Channnel FAST Control ASSOCIATED Channnel CONTROL

TCH - F FULL RATE TRAFFIC CHANNEL TCH - H HALF RATE TRAFFIC

BCH - Broadcast CHannel

  

One ARFCN, On all the time, in every cell Uses Timeslot 0 on a channel, in Downlink. Allows Mobiles to tune to BTS freq. - FCCH This channel carries a 142 bit zero sequence and repeats once in every 10 frames on BCH Allows Mobile to Synchronise - SCH This channel carries the Frame number and BSIC in encrypted data format. Amidamble of 64 bits helps mobiles to synchronize. SCH also repeats once every 10 Frames. Allows Mobiles to identify Network - BCCH Used to broadcastl Cell and Network identity. BCCH occupies 4 frames on BCH. and repeats once every Multiframe.

BCH

BCH Sub channels

3 FCCH
Start Bits

142 bits - all 0's

3 8.25
Stop Guard Bits Bits

SCH

3
Start Bits

39
Encrypted Data Bits

64
Training Sequence

39
Encrypted Data Bits

3 8.25
Stop Guard Bits Bits

BCH

Start Bits

57 57 57 57

26 26 26 26

57 57 57

Stop Bits Stop Bits Stop Bits Stop Bits

Guard Bits Guard Bits Guard Bits Guard Bits

8.25

BCCH

Start Bits Start Bits Start Bits

8.25

8.25

57

8.25

CCCH - Common Control CHannel

  

CCCH shares Timeslot 0 with BCH on a Multiframe CCCH consists of PCH , RACH & AGCH. PCH - Paging Channel is used to alert mobiles on incomming calls. PCH carries IMSI to page for Mobiles in the cell. PCH is Downlink channel. RACH - Random Access Channel - is a short burst sent by mobile to BTS , to initiate a call request . RACH uses Timeslot 0 on reverse BCH channel on Uplink. AGCH - Access Grant Channel - When mobile sends a RACH to BTS, BTS responds by allocating a SDCCH channel to mobile over AGCH.

BCH

RACH - Random Access CHannel

88 bits 8
Start Bits

41
Synchronization Bits

36
Encrypted Data Bits

3
Stop Bits

68.25
Extended Guard Period

 

Used by the MOBILE to get attention from BASE STATION in the Uplink. Several mobiles might originate RACH simultaneously. RACH uses a Slotted ALOHA access scheme. Mobile doesn't know path delay So RACH has to be a special SHORT BURST Mobile sends normal burst only after getting Timing Advance on Downlink SACCH

BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - DOWNLINK

Frame number ( DOWN LINK ) Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 slots F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S 0 1 2 3 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
F S F S I

0 1 2 3 FCCH - Frequency correction Channel SCH - Synchronisation Channel BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel AGCH - Access Grant Chan PCH - Paging Channel

BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - UPLINK

Frame number ( UP LINK ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Time slots 0 1 2
RA RA CH CH RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH R A C H R A C H R A C H R A C H

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 0 1 2
RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH RA RA CH CH

RACH - Random Access Channel ( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)

DCCH - Dedicated Control Channels

 

Dedicated Control Channels have a TCH like allocation. DCCH have three Sub Channels. SDCCH - Standalone Dedicated Control Channel This is used as an interim channel before final assignment of TCH. SDCCH is used for signaling and Authentication message transfers. FACCH - Fast Associated Control Channel . FACCH is used by BTS to command a handoff to the mobile. A TCH frame is used up by FACCH , since handoff has to take place on priority. SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel - SACCH flows at a slower rate on Uplink & Downlink along with TCH or SDCCH. During a call, SACCH flows once for every 24 Frames of TCH .

SDCCH - Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel

USED DURING CALL SET-UP Stepping Stone between BCH and TCH Used for Authentication Etc.
SDCCH BCH BCH TCH SDCCH BCH

SACCH - Slow Associated Control CHannel

DOWNLINK ( BTS - MS ) Mobile Tx Power Commands Mobile Timing Advance Cell's Channel Configuration UPLINK ( MS - BTS ) Received signal quality report (RXQual) Received signal level report (RXLev) Adjacent BCH power measurements Mobile's status

FACCH - Fast Associated Control CHannel

3 Tail bits 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 Control
bit

57 bits Data

3 8.25 bits Tail bit Guard Period

Control bit Data

Miidamble


INTERRUPTS TCH ON UPLINK AND DOWNLINK  Rapid message exchange for handovers  Control Bits either side of midamble: Indicate TCH ( 0 ) or FACCH ( 1 )

SDCCH - Combined Channel Config ( Shares Time slot 0 with BCH and CCCH )
Frame number ( DOWN LINK ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S D D D D

0 1 2 3 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
D D D D F S D D D D D D D D F S H H H H H H H H I

0 1 2 3

SDCCH ( D ) : Standalone Dedicated Control Channel SACCH ( H ) : Slow Associated Control Channel

BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure - UPLINK

Frame number ( UP LINK ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Time slots 0 1 2
S D C C H S D C C H S D C C H S RA RA S SA SA SA SA SA SA SA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA D CH CH A CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH C C H H H H H H H C CH H R A C H R A C H R A C H R A C H

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 0 1 2
RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA RA SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD RA RA SD SD SD SD CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CH CH CC CC CC CC H H H H H H H H H H H H

RACH - Random Access Channel ( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)

TCH - Traffic Channel

156.25 bits or 576.92 uS 3 Tail bits 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3 One 8.25 time burst

bits

Control bit Data

Tail Control bit Data bit

Guard Period

Midamble
 Traffic Channel carries the Voice data.  Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data .  One TCH is allocated for every active call. While call is in

progress if there is degradation in quality of current channel, BTS may shift the communication to another TCH on a different Carrier and/or Time slot .  A Full rate TCH carries 13 KB/s voice data , and Half rate TCH carries a 6.5 KB/s voice data.

TCH Multiframe - TCH Full rate

26 Frames - 120 ms 24 Carry Speech, 1 Idle, 1 SACCH

0 T 1 2 T T 3 T 4 5 T T 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -

T T

T T

SACCH

Idle

TCH Multiframe - TCH Half rate

26 Frames - 120 ms 24 Carry Speech , 2 SACCH ( shared by two mobiles - a & b )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Aa Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ab

SACCH-a

SACCH-b

TCH and SACCH - FRAMES

Time Frame number Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 F 1 T 2 T 3 4 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T SA T SA T SA T SA T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle Idle Idle Idle Idle T T T T T T T T T T T SA T T T T T T T T T T T T Idle S


7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A T A T A T A T A A A F T S T P T P T P T P T D T D T D T D T D D TIdle

Click here to type bulleted text

T T T T T T SA T

5 T 6 T 7 T T

T - TCH

SA - SACCH

I - Idle

A delay of (12 * 8)+1 Timeslots is kept between two successive SACCH .

FRAMES
1 Burst = 577usecs 1 TDMA Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 8 bursts = 4.616 ms

Multiframe 0 23 24 25

48 49 50

1 TCH Multiframe = 26 TF = 120ms 1 CCH Multiframe = 51 TF = 234.6m

0 0 1 1 2 2 48 23 49 24 50 25

1 Superframe = 51 x 26 CCH MF = 1326 TF = 6.12 sec = 26 x 51 TCH MF = 1326 TF 0 1 3 2044 2045 2046 2047 2 1 Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes = 2715648 TDMA Frames = 3 hrs 28 min 53 sec 760 ms
GSM Course

Timing Advance TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at

the correct time. They must not overlap.

BTS

Timing Advance
RACH Burst T Synch Seq B 41 bits Encrypted bits 36 T B Guard Period 68.25 bp 63 bits Timing Adv 5.25 GP

 BSS calculates access delay from RACH in terms of bits  Informs Mobile to delay its timing in terms of bits  Maximum Timing Advance of 63 bits
H

Mobile Maximum Range

Range = Timing Advance x bit period x velocity 2 Range = Distance between Mobile to Base Station Timing Advance = Delay of Bits ( 0 -- 63 ) Bit period = 577 / 156.25 = 3.693 usecs = 3.693 x 10e-6 secs Velocity = 3 x 10e5 Range = ( 63 ) x ( 3.693 x 10e-6 ) x (3 x 10e5) 2 = 34.9 kms

Hopping Traffic Channel

DOWNLINK C1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C2 C3 0123456701234567012345670123456701234567 0123456701234567012345670123456701234567

UPLINK C1 C2 C3

0123456701234567012345670123456701234567 0123456701234567012345670123456701234567 0123456701234567012345670123456701234567

ADJACENT CELL BCH

GSM Operations
 DTX  Location Update  Mobile Originated  Cell Broadcast  Short Message

Call
 Mobile Terminated

Service
 Emergency Calls  Supplementary

Call
 Handover  Security Procedures  Cell Barring

Services
 Roaming

Mobile Turn-On


Mobile Searches for Broadcast Channels (BCH) Synchronizes Frequency and Timing Decodes BCH sub-channels (BCCH) Checks if Network Allowed by SIM Location Update Authentication

Location Area
BTS

Location Area 1

BTS

BSC

BTS

BTS

Location Area 2

BTS BTS BTS

BSC

MSC

BSC

BTS

Location Area 3
BTS BTS

BSC

Location Area Identity MCC MNC LAC

IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION AREA

L.Area = 1

L.Area = 2

L.Area = 3

Reduce Paging Load Resource Planning

H

What is Location Update

 MSC should know the Location of the Mobile for paging.  Mobile is continuously changing Location Area.  Mobile when changes Location Area informs the MSC about its new L.A  Process of informing MSC about new Location Area is Location Update

Location Update

L.Area = 1

L.Area = 2

L.Area = 3

Types of Location Update

1. Normal Location Update. 2. IMSI Attach. 3. Periodic Location Update.

IMSI ATTACH
Mobile turns off and sends an IMSI Detach to MSC. Mobile turns on again and compares LAI. If same,sends an IMSI attach to MSC.
H

NORMAL LOCATION UPDATE

Mobile turns on power. Reads the new LAI. If different,does a Location Update.

PERIODIC LOCATION UPDATE

Mobile enters non-coverage zone. MSC goes on sending Pages Mobile has to inform MSC after a set period.

Location Update


Mobile Changes Location Area Reads the new Location Area from BCCH Sends a RACH ( request for channel ) Gets a SDCCH on AGCH Sends its IMSI and new & old LAI in a Location Update Request to MSC on SDCCH MSC starts Authentication If successful, Updates the new Location area for the Mobile in the VLR Sends a confirmation to the Mobile Mobiles leaves SDCCH , and comes to idle mode

Mobile Originated Call

Channel Request Immediate Assign Service Request Authentication Ciphering Set Up Call Proceeding Assignment Alerting Connection
H

MOBILE TERMINATED CALL

Paging Channel Request Immediate Assign Paging Response Authentication Ciphering Set Up Call Confirmed Assignment Alerting H Connection

Security Features
Authentication --- Process to verify the Authenticity of SIM --- Mobile is asked to perform an operation using an identity unique to SIM. Ciphering

--- Process of coding speech for secrecy --- The speech bits are EXORed with bit stream unique to MS
H

Security Features
TMSI Reallocation

Loc Upd ( IMSI ) TMSI Allocation Call Setup ( TMSI ) TMSI Reallocation

Security Features
Identity Check

Identity Check ( IMEI ) Sends IMEI

EIR
H

White listed / Grey listed / Black listed ?????

HANDOVER

Cell 1

Cell 2

--- Handover is a process by which the control/communication of a Mobile is transferred from one cell to another

CRITERIA FOR HANDOVER

Receive Quality (RXQUAL) on Uplink & Downlink. Receive Signal Strength (RXLEV) on Uplink & Downlink. Distance ( Timing Advance ). Interference Level. Power Budget.

Handover Decision


BSC processes the measurement reported by Mobile and the BTS. BSS performs averaging function on these measurements every SACCH frame ( 480ms).

Handover Decision algorithm is activated after a set number of SACCH frame periods by comparison against Thresholds.


TYPES OF HANDOVERS
INTRA - CELL HANDOVER INTER - CELL HANDOVER INTRA - BSC HANDOVER INTER - BSC HANDOVER INTER - MSC HANDOVER

INTRA - CELL HANDOVER

BTS

- Handover between channels / timeslots of same cell

H

INTER - CELL HANDOVER

BTS C0 C0

--- Handover between cells of same BTS

INTRA - BSC HANDOVER

BTS MSC BSC BTS
--- This type of Handover takes place if the cell to which which handover is to be done belongs to the sameBSC. --- In this the BSC handles everything without involving MSC. --- The MSC will be informed by the BSC after Handover.
H

INTER BSC HANDOVER

BSC MSC BTS

BSC

BTS

--- In this type of Handover,the Mobile is handed over to a cell which belongs to another BSC. --- The MSC is completely involved in this Handover

INTER - MSC HANDOVER

MSC BSC BTS

GMSC

MSC

BSC

BTS

--- If the cell belongs to another MSC,then it is Inter-MSC handover. --- In this case the handover takes place through the interconnecting element (PSTN) between the MSC's

WHAT IS CELL BARRING ?

BTS

Cell Barring
 Every Mobile has an access class .  Every cell defines the Mobile classes which are barred

access.
USE OF CELL BARRING

--- Reserving Cells for Handovers. --- Reserving Cells for a certain Mobile Class.
H

What is DTX ?
Both users talk alternately. Each direction of Transmission is only 50 %

Transmitter is switched ON for useful information frames.

Need for DTX

---- To increase Battery Life ---- To reduce the average interference level

DTX is done by DTX Handlers which have the following functions.

Voice Activity Detector ( VAD )

Senses for speech in 20ms blocks Removes stationary noise.

VAD is an energy detector. Compares Energy of filtered speech threshold

Evaluation of Background noise

Background noise is always present with speech. DTX cuts off this noise with speech. Gives an uncomfortable feeling to the listener. VAD takes care by inserting comfort noise.

CELL BROADCAST
Message is continuously broadcasted in cell/or cells Broadcast is done on SDCCH BCCH informs the mobile the details of SDCCH for CBCH Mobile tunes to SDCCH at certain intervals and reads messages All Mobiles dont support this feature

Short Message Service

SMS Centre

MSC/ VLR

BSC

BTS

Short Message is sent to a particular Mobile Station

H

Emergency Calls
-- GSM Specs define ' 112' as emergency number -- '112' is accessible with or without SIM -- Without SIM it is sent on the best channel -- Mobile on sensing '112' sets the establishment cause to emergency call in the RACH -- Routing of this call can be done to a desired location defined in the Switch.
H

GSM Phase 2 features

Extended Frequency Band ( 50 more channels ) Multiple and Alternate Ciphering Algorithm Half - Rate Coding Compatibility with DCS 1800 Specifications Enhancement of SMS and SIM functions Additional functions for bearer services
H

GSM Phase 2 + features

 Data transmission at 64 Kbps and above  DECT access to GSM  PMR/ Public Access Mobile Radio ( PAMR ) - like capabilities  GSM in the local loop  Packet Radio  SIM enhancements  Premium rate services ( e.g. Stock prices sent to your phone )
H

Automatic National Roaming

PLMN "B"

PLMN "A"

Roamer from "A"

STP

PLMN "D" PLMN "C"

H

Automatic International Roaming

Interntl Gateway Country Interntl Gateway

PLMN "A"

Country Interntl Gateway

PLMN "Z"