Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Skeletal System Overview S12 Mark Up-1
Skeletal System Overview S12 Mark Up-1
Skeletal System Overview S12 Mark Up-1
Skeletal System Overview: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Lindsey L. Jenny, PhD
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
NOTICE
According to Michigan State University guidelines, the images contained in this lecture slide presentation: 1) are solely for the personal learning and research of registered Michigan State University students duly enrolled in ANTR 350 Human Gross Anatomy and Structural Biology. 2) are protected by U.S. copyright laws through their respective publishers. 3) in part or in whole, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, including photocopying, except for personal use. 4) may not be utilized by any information storage and retrieval system, or incorporated into a scribe service or otherwise made public. Thank you for your cooperation. ANTR 350 Faculty Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine and Human Medicine
Components of the Skeletal System, p1 Bones are composed of all four primary tissue types, thus an organ Cartilage located b/t bones Ligaments connects bones at joints Nerves and vessels nourish & maintain bone tissue
30% Organic
Osteoid newly formed bone matrix prior to calcification, 90% is collagen, very flexible Cells Account for only ~3% weight of bone tissue
What happens to bone if you remove the inorganic component? the organic component?
Bone Cells
3 types of bone cells
Osteoblasts build / deposit new bone by secreting osteoid Osteocytes osteoblasts that become trapped in the osteoid reside in small spaces called lacunae, act as control centers to maintain bone quality Osteoclasts break down and absorb old bone Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclasts
Mature Bone
= Osteoclast
= Osteoblast
= Osteocyte
= Osteoclast
= Osteoblast
= Osteocyte
= Osteoclast
= Osteoblast
= Osteocyte
= Osteoclast
= Osteoblast
= Osteocyte
= Osteoclast
= Osteoblast
= Osteocyte
Figure 6.8
Properties of bone, p3
Strong difficult to break, but also lightweight Tensile strength - Poor
Tolerates some stretching & twisting; from collagen
Rigid resists compression (bending) but not stretching/twisting Highly vascular good blood supply Impermeable - substances do not diffuse through bone tissue must travel thru vascular channels
Functions of the skeletal system 1) Support and movement 2) Encasement and protection
Examples?
2) Spongy bone
a.k.a. cancellous bone or trabecular bone Very porous, found inside bones, on the ends of long bones Affected by osteoporosis
These two types of bone differ with respect to their function, metabolism, and mechanical properties.
Bone Types, p4
Based on shape, 6 types 1) Long bones
Characteristics: longer than they are wide, tubular, all limb bones are long bones
Architectural features of a typical long bone Diaphysis (shaft) mainly compact bone Metaphysis flared region Epiphysis
proximal & distal ends; contains spongy bone in adults
Endosteum
Inner lining of hollow bones; cellular function
Nutrient foramen
openings in the cortex for blood vessels
Classification of Bones, p 5
2) Flat Bones Characteristics: spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of cortical bone Examples: Skull bones, Ribs, Sternum 3) Short Bones Characteristics: boxlike, shell of cortical bone surrounding spongy bone Examples: Wrist bones (carpals) & Ankle bones (tarsals)
Figure 6.3 Classification of Bone by Shape
5) Sesamoid bones
I Clicker Time The black arrow is pointing to the A. Diaphysis B. Proximal epiphysis C. Distal epiphysis D. Metaphysis
I clicker Osteoblasts: A. deposit new bone B. remove old bone C. act as communication centers
I Clicker What type of bone is the patella? A. long B. flat C. short D. sesamoid E. wormian/sutural
Calcification
Process of deposition and hardening of calcium salts in bone and teeth
Ossification
the replacement of cartilage or mesenchymal (embryonic) tissue with bone
Figure 7.34
Intramembranous Ossification
Intra- = within Highly vascular membrane spongy bone formed in membrane Over time, compact bone forms on the outer surface while spongy bone develops in the middle Examples: flat bones of the skull
Intra-membranous Growth
1. Ossification centers form within the mesenchyme a. Osteoblasts develop and begin to secrete osteoid
Osteoid Osteoblast
Intra-membranous Growth
2. Bone matrix (Osteoid) calcifies (turns to bone) trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Intra-membranous Growth
3. Newly calcified bone is unorganized and immature- called woven bone. Periosteum begins to form around woven bone.
Mesenchyme condensing to form the periosteum Blood vessel Trabecula of woven bone
Intra-membranous Growth
4. Over time, woven bone is replaced by compact bone and spongy bone
Periosteum
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Endochondral Ossification
Endo- = Inside Formation of bone within a cartilage model Mesenchymal cells form a Cartilaginous model (anlage) ossifies as bone replaces cartilage Most bones of the body are formed by this process, especially long bones
Perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Periosteum
Centers of Ossification, p6
Primary centers
First part of the bone to ossify, typically occurs about the 8th fetal week for most bones Located in the middle of the shaft 806 ossification centers in 11th fetal week; 450 at birth
Secondary centers
Develop after birth anywhere from 2 months to 18 years These secondary centers are the epiphyses Most bones have multiple secondary centers
p6
Union/fusion of primary centers with secondary centers The growth plates closes, uniting the epiphysis to the diaphysis in a long bone This occurs at regular sequence from infancy early adulthood This pattern allows physical anthropologists to age juvenile skeletons very precisely Females mature skeletally 1-2 years before males Once fusion occurs there is no more growth in length!
Clinical Correlate: It is essential to know the age of an individual when interpreting X-rays, so that a line of fusion is not misinterpreted as a fracture or vice versa.
Hip
14 to 18 years
S-6 W-5
K-4
Ankle
16 to 19 years
E-1
H-2
A-3
Knee
17 to 20 years
Wrist
18 to 20 years
Shoulder
14 to 20 years
(Stewart, 1979)
Review What is bone composed of? What do the following bone cells do?
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes
Review For the exam, you should be able to put the stages of endochondral growth in order.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Review What is a primary center of ossification? How is it different from a secondary center of ossification? For the exam, know the general order of epiphyseal fusion
S-6 W-5 K-4
E-1
H-2
A-3
13.6% had unfused acromion epiphyses Suggested that these individuals were archers Began training @ 6 years Stress of training prevented fusion?
Stirland and Waldron, 1997. Evidence for Activity Related Markers in the Vertebrae of the Crew of the Mary Rose. Journal of Archaeological Science 24:329-335
Osteons
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.9
Fig 8.10
As age increases, so does number of Osteons/Haversian Systems Can be used by physical anthropologists to age skeletal remains Also used to ID bone as human or nonhuman
The V Principle p7
Important concept for growth of facial skeleton
bone is resorbed on the outer surface bone is deposited on the inner surface example: Mandible widens as it grows
+ + + + + -
Normal bone density - within 1 S.D. of mean bone mineral density of a 25 y/o female Osteopenia b/t 1 and 2.5 S.D. lower than mean Osteoporosis greater than 2.5 S.D. lower then mean
Dramatically increases fracture risk
p. 167
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis can predispose a patient to:
Hip Fractures most occur at neck of femur, ~90% are related to osteoporosis (>60 yrs)
resulting immobility leads to (5-20%) increase in death and decreases the chance of living independently
Figure 7.1
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton = 126 bones (all paired) pectoral girdle = 4 bones upper limb = 60 bones pelvic girdle = 2 bones lower limb = 60 bones
Questions regarding my anatomy lecture content? Post to the Unit #1 Discussion Forum on ANGEL Questions regarding course administration, enrollment, grading, or exam procedure & policy?
Email Michael Koot at michael.koot@rad.msu.edu