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Chris Calvert - Ionisation of Carbon in Intense Laser Fields
Chris Calvert - Ionisation of Carbon in Intense Laser Fields
Overview
Experimental Investigation
Experimental Setup and Method Modelling the experiment
Previous work on C+ Ions - Motivation for current research Results and Analysis
Motivation
Why investigate Ionisation in Intense Laser fields?
Specific Ionisation dynamics. Multiple Ionisation, Rescattering. More details on these later
Why Carbon?
Spin Forbidden C+ C2+ transition? Multiple Ionisation/Rescattering? explain later
hY
Ground State
X hR p X
q 1
e
For MPI to occur, successive photons must arrive within the lifetime of the preceding intermediate excited states. Higher Intensity Process
hY
hY
hY
X nhR p X
q 1
e
Field Ionisation
High Intensities > 1014 W/cm2
Electric field of the Laser tends towards the magnitude of the atomic field. Potential V(x) Quasi static model
Potential experienced by the electron arises from the resultant of the Atomic potential well + instantaneous effect of Laser field.
e-
Range of Potential
Field Ionisation
Intensities > 1014 W/cm2
Potential V(x)
e-
Range of Potential
Resultant Potential experienced by the electron = Atomic potential well+ instantaneous effect of Laser field
Field Ionisation
Intensities > 1014 W/cm2
Tunnelling Ionisation
-Barrier width becomes finite -Electron can escape by Quantum Mechanical tunnelling.
Potential V(x)
e-
Range of Potential
Resultant Potential experienced by the electron = Atomic potential well+ instantaneous effect of Laser field
Field Ionisation
Intensities > 1014 W/cm2
Potential V(x)
e-
4 Vbound) ( eV 9 -The electron is no longer ip v 10 2 I s the cm 2 ) ! 4effective potential (W by resultant Z ( a .u .) and is free to escape
Range of Potential
Resultant Potential experienced by the electron = Atomic potential well+ instantaneous effect of Laser field
Double Ionisation
Sequential Ionisation Two Succesive steps
XpX
1
e
X 1 p X 2 e
XpX
2
2e
Laser Field
This free electron is ejected from classically the free pulse. as it A primaryelectron is then regardedthe atom byas a laserparticleThis proceeds towards the continuum.. can be modelled quantum mechanically by tunnelling ionisation.
Laser Field
The electrons passes through the to it can collisionally core and Bothoscillating have enough energyion escape the atomic remove a As the electronnature of the laser field can cause the electron to be driven electron. doubleback towards the atomic secondionisation is observed core.
Electron Re-Scattering ReCorkum predicted As Ellipticity (e) of the incident radiation increases the probability of the first electron being driven back into the ion decreases probability of non sequential ionisation decreases
Therefore, for Linearly polarised light (e=0), there is a high probability of Non-sequential ionisation occurring. For Circularly Polarised light (e=1) this probability is small.
The approach in this project is to focus Intense Femtosecond Laser pulses across an Ion Beam source and detect the resulting ionisation products.
Only two groups in the world use this Ion Beam approach method! Other groups use Gas targets
Interaction Region
Needle Valve
Gas Source
Laser System
ASTRA (TA1)
Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories (RAL) Oxfordshire.
Interaction Region
Laser Path
Lens
Translation Stage
Ti:Sapphire, 50-55fs Pulses,800nm, 10Hz, Pulse Energies ~20mJ Peak Intensity ~ 5*1016 W/cm2
z axis
The peak laser intensity (Io) occurs at the focal point. The intensity distribution changes along the z-axis. The z-dependence (and thus Intensity dependence) of the Ion yield can be found by varying the z-position of the Laser-Ion beam interaction.
Laser
Ion Beam
In practice the Laser Focus is moved with respect to the Ion beam by use of planar convex lens mounted on translation stage. This is carried out along the z-axis in steps of 0.25mm. 500 measurements (or shots) are taken at each z-position and the corresponding ion yields are recorded.
Z-Scan of
1.8
2+ C
Ion Yield
Interaction Volume is large but Intensities are no longer high enough to cause Ionisation
z position (mm)
z axis
2 I0 2r Exp I (r , z ) ! 2 z 2 z 2 1 1 [ z0 0 z0
= 2f / d
o 2/
z
Laser Direction
The region contained in within each contour In has intensities > In The 3-D profile is generated by rotating these contours through 2
Ion Yield at zi
Interaction Volume bounded by Ion w the number of 1+ ions bound by the ion beam and The 2+ Ion Yield at z =
i beam and the Is contour
the Is contour
r
Is shell
z Laser Direction
zi
0mm 0mm
7mm 7mm
10mm 10mm
Laser Direction
Hence a plot can be made to model the z-dependence of the Ion yield for a given Ionisation process.
4.5E-11 4.0E-11 3.5E-11 3.0E-11 2.5E-11 2.0E-11 1.5E-11 1.0E-11 5.0E-12 0.0E+00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Shoulder
+ Yield at large z values (z > 4mm)
Z position (mm)
Previous Z-Scan of C2+ Yield (Feb 2002) Z-Modelled by Saturated Volume Fit-
V o u e ( r itr ry un it ) lm a b a s
C2+ Ground
)mm( noitisoP Z
oo
31-e4
31-e2
forbidden! C2+ 1Sp C3+ 2S (47.8eV) +Check for + Metastable C configuration 1s2 Time to investigate this!2s 2p2
31-e8
31-e6
confirmation of Some C2+ to C3+ depletion But this transition is spinMetastable transition occurs at small z values
nacs-Z ATAD
21-e1
21-e1
4Pp C 1 C+C+ 2Pp 2+ 2+ 1S(19eV) C S Looking (24.4eV) In order to model thefor yield Ion
stif emuloV fo muS etatsdnuorG +3C tif loV elbatsateM +2C tif loV etatsdnuorG +2C tif loV
Aim z=1mm The Ion yieldfeature The Shoulder from to z=4mm is explained requires the metastable by Detailed experiment to the expected groundstate transition transition C2+ Z-scan. examine
Shoulder
+ Yield at large z values (z > 4mm)
Research at RAL
15th 19th November
3+ C
0.25
Z-Scan
Linear Circular
0.2
0.15
0.1
Model can be Assume that 3+ yield arises from sequential process applied
C+ C2+ C3+
0.05
z position (mm)
3+ C
Z-Scan
Ion Yield (circ)
C2+ to C3+ fit (production) C3+ to C4+ fit (depletion)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
z position (mm)
This saturated volume fit for C2+ to C3+ can now be used to give the depletion of C2+ ions when modelling C2+ Z-scan
3+ C
0.25
Z-Scan
Ion Yield (circ)
C2+ to C3+ fit (production) C3+ to C4+ fit (depletion) Saturated Volume Fit
0.2
0.15
0.1
Tunnelling and MPI occur at large values. Sat Vol only works for OTB ionisation.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.05
z position (mm)
This saturated volume fit for C2+ to C3+ can now be used to give the depletion of C2+ ions when modelling C2+ Z-scan
C2+ Z-Scan
2
Linear Circular
1.5
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
z position (mm)
Slight difference between Linear and circular signal around z=2mm Experimental factor As before assume little or no rescattering
C2+ Z-Scan
4.5E-11 4.0E-11 3.5E-11 3.0E-11 2.5E-11 2.0E-11 1.5E-11 1.0E-11 5.0E-12 0.0E+00
Shoulder
Yield at z>4mm
1.5
Z (mm)
10
15
! NO SHOULDER !
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
z position (mm)
Shoulder not observed. Metastable transition absent? Applying the Saturated Volume Model to find out what transitions occur
C2+ Z-Scan
2
1.5
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
z position (mm)
C2+ Z-Scan
2
1.5
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
z position (mm)
C2+ Z-Scan
2
1.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
z position (mm)
Best fit is
2
C2+ Z-Scan
Ion Yield (circ)
C2+ to C3+ fit (depletion) C+ to C2+ ground (production)
1.5
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
z position (mm)
Conclusion
Ionisation in Intense Laser Fields researched Ion Beam Modifications made to Saturated Volume Model
-Useful applications for future research
Future Work
Sat Vol Improvements - Ion beam current density
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to
Prof Ian Williams Dr B Srigengan Mr M Suresh Mr J McKenna
Questions?
Polarisation of Light
Half-Wave Plate
Rotation of plate
U 2
Laser Polaroid
P 2
Plate
TZ ! 3 I n *3
3
>> 1
ADK theoretical fits show that; Linear yield at Intensity 1.3*I matches the Circular yield at I .
Linear at Io
Fig /4 Plate Linear transmission
Optical Axis
Measured Beam
Linearly polarised
Angle to optical axis = 0
Interaction Beam
Linearly polarised Intensity Io Electric Vector Eo
Interaction beam is at Io
Circular at Io
Optical Axis
Fig /4 Plate Linear to Circular
C+ Metastable
C2+ Ground
Electron Re-scattering
Laser Field
Summary
Laser System
Interaction region
Translation stage
ASTRA (TA1)
Laser source
Compressor
Central Laser Facility, Beam expander Rutherford Appleton Laboratories (RAL) Oxfordshire. Ti:Sapphire, 50-55fs Pulses,800nm, 10Hz Pulse Energies ~20mJ Peak Intensity ~ 5*1016 W/cm2
Auto correlator
C+ transitions
Ground state
Metastable
Ground state
tunnelling
Can occur as long as the time taken for the electronic wavefunction to tunnel through the barrier is shorter than half the optical period of the incident light.