FORCES ACTING ON A TORPEDO WHILE ENTERING INTO WATER

SLt Joseph Grecco 06782 N NTSC - 30

Hydrofoil Lift and Drag + Turning Moment

Buoyancy Force

Hydrodynamic Drag

Hydrodynamic Drag Added Mass Hydrodynamic Drag

Hydrofoil Lift and Drag + Turning Moment

Weight downwards

Various Forces Object Drag Propulsion Waves Control Surfaces Buoyancy Weight

Force due to Wind and Waves

Hydrostatic Forces and Moments



The torpedo experiences hydrostatic forces and moments as a result of the combined effects of the torpedo weight and buoyancy.
FHS ! f G  f B

The hydrostatic moment is stabilizing in pitch and roll, meaning that the hydrostatic moment opposes deflections in those angular directions.

The branch of Fluid Mechanics that studies fluids at rest is referred to as Hydrostatics .

Hydrostatic Force
Gravitational Force-The net force produced by gravity is the weight of the torpedo acting vertically downward at the center of gravity. Buoyancy Forces- The net force of the hydrostatic pressures is buoyant force acting at the center of buoyancy of the torpedo. Thrust Force. The thrust of the propulsion system will be assumed to act along the longitudinal axis of the torpedo with no resultant torque.

Hydrodynamic Force
Hydrodynamics is the branch of Fluid Mechanics that studies the motion of fluids (liquids) and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in them. Examples: Forces acting on an AUV / Torpedo submerged in water Flow of water around submersibles Forces acting on a buoy
Hydrodynamic Drag (fluid resistance) is the forces that opposes the relative motion of an object through a fluid.

Hydrodynamic Force
1. Radiation Induced Forces. These forces arise when the body is forced to oscillate with the wave excitation frequency and there are no incident waves. These forces are mainly composed of four components: Added mass and Inertia- Added mass forces arise due to the inertia of surrounding fluid. A body having an accelerated motion in a continuous medium of fluid experiences a force that is greater than the mass of the body times the acceleration. Since this increment of force can be defined as the product of a body acceleration and a quantity having the same dimension as the mass, it is termed added mass.

 Hydrodynamic damping forces- Hydrodynamic damping forces arise mainly due to the viscosity of the fluid hence also called real fluid forces. As the name implicates, these forces are dependent on velocity There are two major mechanisms responsible for this force. They are:a) Skin friction due to boundary layer b) Shedding of vortices  Restoring forces- Hydrostatic pressure forces arise due to the action of weight and buoyancy forces. Restoring forces for a submerged body depend upon the centre of gravity and centre of buoyancy.  Control surface forces- Control surfaces are generally lift producing hydrofoil sections. The lift force generated varies linearly with the angle of attack over the practical range of operation of the lifting surfaces.

Hydrodynamic Force
2. Environmental Forces. These forces arise when the body is restrained from oscillating and there are incident regular waves. There are two major sources of environmental disturbance forces:Surface waves Current

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Presented By.. SLt Joseph Grecco 06782 N NTSC - 30

DIAT, Pune

Skin Friction
Skin friction arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it. Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the wetted surface, the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid

 Unsteady motion of bodies underwater or unsteady flow around objects, an additional effect (force) resulting from the fluid acting on the structure needs to be considered when formulating the system equation of motion. This added effect is added mass. Most floating structures can be modeled, for small motions and linear behavior, by a system equation with the basic form similar to a typical mass-spring-dashpot system described by the following equation: Where, m is the system mass, b is the linear damping coefficient, m x b x kx F t k is the spring coefficient, f(t) is the force acting on the mass, and x is the displacement of the mass. In a physical sense, this added mass is the weight added to a system due to the fact that an accelerating or decelerating body must move some volume of surrounding fluid with it as it moves. The added mass force opposes the motion and can be factored into the system equation as follows

Archimedes Principle
The up thrust (buoyancy force) on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced  Buoyancy Conditions CB CG Positively Buoyant Neutrally Buoyant CG CB Negatively Buoyant
Stable
Unstable

 

Center of Gravity CG- The center Gravity is the mean location of all the Fig 2.2in a system. mass Center of Buoyancy CB- The center of buoyancy is the point that coincides with the centroid of the volume of water displaced by the boat / submersible.

Vortex Shedding
Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid flows past a blunt object. The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low-pressure vortices on the downstream side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the low-pressure zone. Vortex gets created at the back of the body. Is an Unsteady flow that takes place in special flow Velocity (depends on size and shape of the cylindrical body)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Vortex-street-animation.gif

Reference
Admiralty Research Establishment Research Paper, 1998 Torpedoes ancient and Modern, Frank B Anderson, Lieutanent and signal officer, Brigade staff, Naval Milittle, N.Y, The New york Times, 03 April 1898 Hydrodynamic Forces, www.wikipedia.com Hydrostatic Forces, www.wikipedia.com B.R. Munson, D.F. Young and T.H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4th Edition, 2002, Wiley and Sons, New York An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, G.K. Batchelor, F.R.S, Professor in University of Cambridge, 1993