Biological Principles Core Concepts- Unit 1

 Evidence for evolution can be seen in nearly all biological processes because organisms at the basic level are structured identically.  A basic understanding of the scientific method is necessary.  A basic understanding about the concept of evolution and natural selection is covered.  Hierarchy of life: atoms molecules cells tissues organs systems  To understand biology a basic understanding of chemical processes is covered * The emphasis here is basic atomic structure and three energetic tendencies (ETs): 1. + of charges of is Over-use andantibioticselements tend to balance 2. Electrons tend to pair blamed for the rise of to fill 3. Electron shells tend These ETs help explain why drug-resistant superbugs elements bond. * Properties of water, including hydrogen bonding and pH are covered. * Basic concepts of organic chemistry are covered, including how carbon can form macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).

BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
I. Introduction The Way A. What is Science? B. What is Life? i. Attributes of Living Things: Complex Organization Growth Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Movement Reproduction Responsiveness ii. Biological Science The Study of Life

Life Works

C. The Scientific Method

i. Observe phenomena and formulate testable testable, falsifiable Hypotheses Induction: specific general Deduction: general specific HypotheticoHypothetico-deductive reasoning ii. Test Hypotheses (observation vs experimentation) iii. Statistical analyses (in most cases)

II. Evolution
A. Definition: B. Mechanism for Evolution 1. Acquired Characteristics a. Lamarck 2. Natural Selection a. Charles Darwin wrote in 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection b. Alfred Wallace d. The Galapagos & c. Darwins Finches Characteristics i. Variation ii. Adaptation

e. Peppered Moth & Industrial Melanism

C. Overview of Evolution via Natural Selection

D. Vertebrates show strong evidence of close evolutionary relationship - Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
FISH

HUMAN SALAMANDER FISH TURTLE CHICKEN

SALAMANDER

TURTLE

CHICKEN

HUMAN

i. Okay, lets try it again using actual photographs!!

FISH

PIG FISH HUMAN CHICKEN

CHICKEN

PIG

HUMAN

ii. Chordate Embryonic Features

Humans

iii. Cervical (Branchial) Fistulae

An Uncommon Case of Neck Fistula S Chatterjee, S Das, J A Khan, R N Bhattacharya January 2003 Congenital fistulae of the neck are branchial in origin and of these 2nd arch fistula is by far the most common, 3rd and 4th arch fistulae being very rare. Here, a case of fistula present since birth and extending from the neck, near the midline to the alveololingual sulcus, considered very rare, is presented. The patient was a 32-year-old male having sticky discharge through an opening in the upper part of the neck. Examination revealed an opening of approximately 1 mm diameter about 1 cm to the left of the midline just above the hyoid bone. A sinogram revealed a fistulous linear tract communicating with the oral cavity. Surgery was undertaken and the fistulous tract was excised.

E. Artificial Selection Domestication of Animals & Plants

Chihuahua

St. Bernard

Fila Mastiff

III. Basic Chemistry of Life

A. The Elements - 92 naturally occurring - > 100 total B. 98% of Living Things have:

(S)ulfur (S)ulfur (P)hosphorus (P)hosphorus (O)xygen (O)xygen (N)itrogen (N)itrogen (C)arbon (C)arbon (H)ydrogen (H)ydrogen

C. Atoms Composed of subatomic particles

1. Isotopes a. Over 300 occur naturally b. Some are Radioactive i. Half-life Half- Fossil aging - Medical/technical applications Tracers

2. Periodic Table of the Elements

3. Electron Energy Levels 4. Atom Depictions/Models All matter tends vs go to lowest energy state! a. Bohr to Electron Cloud

5. Electron Shells = Energy Levels Orbitals = Electron Cloud Models a. Valence b. Orbital filling sequence rules
i. ii. iii. iv. 1 Only hold 1-2 electrons Lowest energy levels fill first (usually) Simple-shaped orbitals fill first Similar orbitals each get 1 electron before any get 2

H = 1S1

C = 1S22S22Px12Py1

He = 1S2 Li = 1S22S1 Be = 1S22S2 B = 1S22S22Px1

N = 1S22S22Px12Py12Pz1 O = 1S22S22Px22Py12Pz1 F = 1S22S22Px22Py22Pz1 Ne = 1S22S22Px22Py22Pz2

D. Chemical Bonding
1. The universal energetic tendency of all matter, regardless of its form, involves a "downhill" trend, tending toward lower energy levels. Three specific energetic tendencies or ETs in the behavior of electrons are: 2. How atoms attempt to fulfill the ETs attempt

a. + & a. Gain electrons (reduction) - charges balance b. Electrons tend to pair b. Lose electrons (oxidation) c. Electron shells tend to fill c. Share electrons 3. Ionic Bonds 4. Covalent Bonds

a. Types of Covalent Bonds

i. Single, Double, Triple Octet rule ii. Bond Polarity & Electronegativity

Nonpolar

Polar

Ionic

5. Hydrogen Bonds

Proteins

DNA

6. van der Waals Forces

A Review of Bond Types

E. Water & Life

1. Waters dissolving power

a. Distributes important chemicals throughout the body

2. Water dissociates a. pH = Negative of logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration: 10 -7 = 0.0000001 10 -6 = 0.000001 10 -8 = 0.00000001 b. Acids, Bases c. Buffers

IV. Molecules of Life

A. Carbon The Element of Life
4. 1. 2. 3. Macromolecule synthesis/degradation Versatile bonding properties a. Dehydration synthesis Functional groups b. Hydrolysis Macromolecules Monomer vs Polymer
H H H

Aldehyde Ketone

Water

B. Carbohydrates
(CH2O)N
N = 5,6 (usually) 1. Monosaccharides a. Isomers 2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides a. Chitin b. Starch c. Cellulose d. Glycogen

C. Lipids
1. Hydrophobic substances 2. a. Electronegativity & Bonds Functions: Energy electronegativities are equal (i.e. if the electronegativity difference i. If the storage is Insulators Heat 0), the bond is non-polar covalent ii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is greater Lubricants than 0, but Hormones less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalent iii. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is 2.0, or Membranes greater, Bouyancythe bond is ionic 3. Triglycerides a. Glycerol b. Fatty Acids i.CSaturated Each C-H bond is polar because ii. Unsaturated carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen; however, each C-H bond in CCH4 is arranged symmetrically (all angles are 109.5o) so that the dipoles cancel out resulting in no net dipole for the molecule

4. Phospholipids a. Head/tails 5. Micelles 6. Phospholipid Bilayer 7. Cell Membrane

8. Waxes 9. Steroids a. Hormones b. Cholesterol The Good & Bad

i. Arteriosclerosis ii. Cell Membrane iii. Fight Bacteria? iv. Fat Digestion v. Vitamin D vi. Menstruation

D. Proteins

1. Long chains of Amino Acids a. Amino group b. Carboxyl group c. R group d. Peptide bonds Polypeptides 2. Functions Structural Energy Reserves Hormones Enzymes Transport Contractile Receptor Defensive 3. Protein 3-D structure 3a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

4. Hydrogen & Disulfide Bonds

E. Nucleic Acids
a. Long-chains Longi. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid ii. RNA = Ribonucleic Acid b. Single Nucleotides i. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate ii. cAMP = Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate iii. Coenzymes (e.g.,NAD, NADP)

F. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

Unit I Exam
Be on time Bring #2 pencil Bring Photo ID Memorize your Z# BE PREPARED