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Jason Ho - Spinor-BEC and Multi-Component Quantum Gases
Jason Ho - Spinor-BEC and Multi-Component Quantum Gases
What have we learned ? What is new? What novel things awaiting for us? What can we do with multi-component Bose gases?
Spin 1/2 : Two different spin states of Rb Spin-1 : |F=1 > hyperfine state of Rb-87 and Na-23 Spin-2 : |F=2 > hyperfine state of Rb-87
How do the ground states of these differ from scalar Bose gas and from each other? Do we expect any other ground states beside Bose condensed states?
What else besides Bose condensed states? What are the reasons for un-condensed ground states in Bose systems?
Why do they occur in multicomponent systems?
3D
1D No condensation
What happens when there are several degenerate state for the Bosons to condensed in?
G: Number of degenerate states N: Number of Bosons
What happens when there are several degenerate state for the Bosons to condense in?
G: Number of degenerate states Pseudo-spin 1/2 Bose gas: G =2 N: Number of Bosons
N: Number of Bosons
N: Number of Bosons
N: Number of Bosons
PE
P E & R (r ) E
: Eigenvalues : Eigenfunctions
P0 ~N
P1,P2 ,...~O(1)
Off-Diagonal Oder
Phase Coherence
& & & & ] (r )](r ' ) "! ] (r ) " ](r ' ) "
+
PE
P0 ~N
P1,P2 ,...~O(1)
Other possibilities ?
PE
Fragmented condensate
P0 ~N
P ,P ,...~O(1) 1 2
0 1 2 3
PE
Strongly correlated
P ,P ,P ,...~ O(1) 0 1 2
3 2
By varying the external environment, one can go from one regime to another
PE PE
P ~N 0
0 1 2 3
E
PE
0 1 2 3
Single condensate state of spin-F Bosons Single particle density matrix contains a single eigenvalue of order N
scalar
Spin-1/2
Spin-1
Single component
H!
H!
Two component
H ! s
& B F )2 ] ( L]Q QR R
Spin-1
Fragmented condensate
P0 ~N
P ,P ,...~O(1) 1 2
P 0 E1
P ,P ,P ,...~ O(1) 0 1 2
1
0
3 2
Bose gas in double well <==> A simple model of two component Bose gas
1 t
A Quick Overview
What we have now and what we look for.
Condensed Spin 1/2 Spin-1 Spin-2 Textures Coreless vortex Fast Rotating : Great variety of vortex lattices Optical lattice: new states Low dimension: New solitons Coherent Spin dynamics Spinor BEC
Uncondensated From highly correlated to Generalized Schrodinger cats New type of excitations New quantum Hall states Very rich correlated structures New 1D and 2D correlated states Quantum Spin dynamics
Condensed Spin 1/2 Cornell Ketterle Spin-1 Chapman Spin-2 Sengstock StamperTextures Coreless vortex
Kurn Ho Machida Pu, Law Bigelow Ueda Li You
Uncondensated From highly correlated to Generalized Schrodinger cats New type of excitations
Cirac+Zoller, Ho+Mueller, Shouten+Read Ho, Ueda
Fast Rotating : Great variety Ho+Mueller, of vortex lattices Cornell, Ueda Optical lattice: new states Low dimension: New solitons Coherent Spin dynamics
Chapman Sengstock Li You, Bigelow, Bong, Sengstock
Very rich correlated structures New 1D and 2D correlated states Quantum Spin dynamics
Bigelo w (Diener+Ho)
Na-23
c2 " 0
]Q "! (0,1,0)
Spin 1
Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic
1 R 0 0
Vector order parameter Spin-Gauge Symmetry Similar to 2-component case
0 R 1 0
Nematic order parameter
Define
Ax ! (a1 a1 ) / 2
Ay ! (a1 a1 ) / 2i
Az ! a0
Short sample
Single Skyrmion
Ferromagnet Low rotation speed
components
density
Texture
Skyrmion pair
Ferromagnet Faster rotation speed
components
density
Texture
Skyrmion Lattice
Ferromagnet Faster rotation speed
components
density
Texture
Antiferromagnet
Angular momentum carrying object: -disclination or 1/2 vortex
ze|z| 2 0 |z| 2 e
Topological Singularity
Single Disclination
Order: pink=nematic Green=ferromagnetic
Components
Four Disclinations
Order: pink=nematic Green=ferromagnetic
Components
Disclination Lattice
Order: pink=nematic Green=ferromagnetic
Components
Density
Locked
0
Triangle
0.172
Skew
0.373
Square Stretch
0.926
g12 g11g22
Difference between BEC and quantum Hall state BEC N=2 L=4 N=4
L=12
Difficulty in stabilizing correlated states : expansive in kinetic energy Advantage: Zero potential energy
New Quantum Hall systems: Quantum Hall states with large spins Bilayer (or Multilayer) quantum Hall systems Composite QH systems Spin-1 Bose gas
scalar
scalar
Density -- 5 particles
Total Density
T.L. Ho and E. Mueller, PRL89, 050401 (2002)
Component Densities
Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Spin-1 Bose Gas
A deep harmonic trap
Q
Q!1,0,1
Only the lowest harmonic state is occupied => a zero dimensional problem
& 2 H ! cS
Hilbert space
Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Spin-1 Bose Gas
A deep harmonic trap
Q
Q!1,0,1
& & i S
a)Q
Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Effect of spin degeneracy on BEC Spin-1 Bose Gas
A deep harmonic trap
a
& S!
Q
Q!1,0,1
& a S a Q QR R QR
: spin-1 matrix N ! a aQ
Q Q
& & N ! A A
& 2 H ! cS
& S!
a S a Q QR R QR
&
& 2 & 2 H ! cN c( A ) A
What is the ground state for c>0 ?
( ^ Q aQ ) N Q
& 2 ] | H | ] ! c S cN .
N!
| vac " ,
0 & S 1 For c>0, diamagnetic case, we have ^ ! since ! 0 ; and & N 0 N (z A ) a0 | ] "! N! | vac "! N! | vac " Since H is rotationally invariant, the optimal states are given by
n real.
& 2 H ! cS
C>0
Conventional condensate :
| c "!
N 0
|0" N!
1 N 0 aQ aR "! 1 0 1 2 1 N 0 ! 0, Ns1 ! N /2
& S "! 0
2 (N1
~N
& 2 H ! cS
Exact ground state :
C>0
2 5 ! 2a1 a1 a0 =
| S ! 0 "! 5
N /2
|0"
0 0 1 N 0 aQ aR "! 1 0 3 0 0 1
N 0 ! N1 ! N 1 ! N / 3
2 (N1
~N
Relation between singlet state and coherent state z Average the coherrent state over all directions Because
2 (N1
~N
2
y
Transformation of singlet into coherent states as a function of External field and field gradient: If the total spin is non-zero
Bosonic enhancement
Transformation of singlet into coherent states as a function of External field and field gradient: If the total spin is non-zero
Bosonic enhancement
Transformation of singlet into coherent states as a function of External field and field gradient: If the total spin is non-zero
Transformation of singlet into coherent states as a function of External field and field gradient: If the total spin is non-zero
/N^2
S/N
Watch how
Small fluctuation
0.1% magnetization
Large fluctuation
Oscillatory
Relate
to those at
N=100
N=1000
time
~ 2-20 nm
Signiture of Quantum dynamics: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Complete revival Periodic variation between cat states and coherent states Entire spacetime structure is control by scaling Printing of phase can be deprint at later time Can be detected by population histogram at time p/q
What have we learned ? What is new? What novel things awaiting for us? What can we do with multi-component Bose gases?
What have we learned ? What is new? What novel things awaiting for us? What can we do with multi-component Bose gases?
Can introduce phase difference between difference component of the Cat, and retrieve those information later.
Question: What really new things BEC has brought us? Ans: Bose gas with internal degrees of freedom --Pseudo-spin 1/2 Bose gas, Spin-1 and Spin-2 Bose gas New ground states, a whole host of new quantum phenomena, forces on to reexamine BEC with greater depth
Tin-Lun Ho and Sung Kit Yip, Physical Review Letters 84, 4031 (2000) R. Diener and Tin-Lun Ho, to be published Work supported by NSF and NASA
Single component
H!
H!
Two component
H ! s
& B F )2 ] ( L]Q QR R
Spin-1
c 0 ! (2g2 g0 ) / 3,
Na-23
c 2 ! (g2 g0 ) / 3,
antiferromagnetic ferromagnetic
c2 " 0
Rb-87
c2
It is useful to rewrite P in terms of spin operators. &2 &2 & & & & 2 & & 2 F2 F 2F F ! (F F ) F 1 ! F2 ! f ( f 1)
& & & & & & V (1,2) ! H( r1 r2 )g0 P0 g2 P2 ! H( r r2 )c 01 c 2 F1 F2 1 c 0 ! (2g2 g0 ) / 3, c 2 ! (g2 g0 ) / 3,
Rb83 Rb85 & & 2 & & & & V (1,2) ! H( r1 r2 )c 01 c 2 F1 F2 c 4 ( F1 F2 )
f=2
86.2days
f=3
3Million yrs
30.2yrs
133,Cs135 ,Cs137 Cs & & 2 & & 3 & & & & V (1,2) ! H( r1 r2 )c 01 c 2 F1 F2 c 4 ( F1 F2 ) c 6 ( F1 F2 )
Fragmented condensate
P0 ~N
P ,P ,...~O(1) 1 2
P 0 E1
P ,P ,P ,...~ O(1) 0 1 2
1
0
3 2
Cat State
Bose gas in double well <==> A simple model of two component Bose gas
1 t
Zero
S Squeezed
coherent
Quantum carpet for a particle in a box M V Berry Quantum fractals in boxes J. Phys. A 29 6617-6629 (1996) C Leichtle, I S Averbukh and W P Schleich 1996 Multilevel quantum beats: an analytical approach Phys. Rev. A 54 5299-312 (1996) O Friesch, I Marzoli and W P Schleich Quantum carpets woven by Wigner functions New J. Phys. 2, 4.1-4.11 (2000)
Many simple questions have led us to remarkable surprises Nature has for us
0.2% magnetization
0.2% magnetization
Note: According to mean field, if all bosons are initially in the state, should remain constant, .
Key findings: 1. Find all the features observed in expt. 2. Obtain an analytic solution for the time evolution of the wavefunction. 3. The exact solution reveals many additional revival features at longer times 4. Our exact solution is also applicable to the studies of quantum carpets in the last decade in atomic and molecular physics. It is a concise summary of all numerical results in the last decade.
More details of our approach: A. We note that single mode approximation is valid in this case. Hence
B. Different spin component of a quantum state will dephase over time . Beyond this time, mean field approach is no longer valid. C. The general quantum state for is
Schrodinger Cat running on a Quantum Carpet: The large fluctuation is due to dynamical fragmentation of the condensate -- a periodic transformation between Schrodinger Cat state and a coherent state. Schrodinger Cat state occurs at ct = occurs at ct = coherent state
Phase imprinting at pi/8 (using quadratic Zeeman effect) will affect subsequent time evolution, and will change the coherent state structure. Deprinting the phase at 3\pi/8 can restore the original time evolution
Reference: (a) Roberto Diener and Tin-Lun Ho, to be published. (b) M.-S. Chang, C.D. Hamley, M. D. Barrett, J.A. Sauer, K.M. Fortier, W. Zhang, L. You, M.S. Chapman, cond-mat/0309164. (c) Schmaljohann, M. Erhard, J. Kronjger, M. Kottke, S. van Staa, L. Cacciapuoti, J. J. Arlt, K. Bongs, and K. Sengstock Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 040402 (2004)
Phase impriting
M=10, N=1000
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non-zero q, q=0.1
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We have only talked about 3/5 of the major development last year. Two other major developments: *Spin-1 and Spin-2 Bose gas: Expt. (Chapman) (Sengstock) T.L.Ho, PRL, 81, 742 (1998) => Quantum dynamics of Spinor BEC and Superfragmented condensates => Periodic generation of Schrodinger Cat state
T.L. Ho and S.K. Yip, PRL 84, 4031(2000)