chapter 3

CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

y The relative atomic mass of an element is the

average mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. y Relative atomic mass does not have any unit y Example 1 an atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. Its relative atomic mass is 16.

y Example 2

the relative atomic mass of Mg is 24 and the relative atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12. How many times is one atom of Mg heavier than one atom of carbon-12 answer : the number of times one atom of Mg is heavier than one atom of carbon-12 = the R.A.M of Mg the R.A.M of carbon-12 = 24 12 =2

RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS

y The relative molecular mass of a molecule is the

average mass of the molecule when compared with 1/12 of the mass of one atom of carbon-12 y Example 3 the relative molecular mass of a molecule of ammonia is 17. this means that one molecule of ammonia is 17 times heavier than 1/12 of one atom of carbon-12

Why Carbon-12 is used as a standard

1) Its mass can be more easily measured with a mass spectrometer 2) Carbon-12 is easily found as its compounds are abundant y Example 4 Calculate the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide. 1 molecule of CO2 consists of 1 atom of carbon and 2 atom of oxygen. relative atomic mass of 2 atoms oxygen = 2 x 16 relative atomic mass of 1 atom of carbon = 1 x 12 relative molecular mass of CO2 = 32+12 = 44

Calculation of Relative Molecular Mass

y Step 1 : determine the molecular formula y Step 2 : find the relative atomic mass of each

element in the molecule y Step 3 : add up all the relative atomic masses of the element or elements
Molecule Molecular formula Relative molecular mass 2 x 35.5 = 72 14 + (3 x 1) = 17

Chlorine Ammonia

Cl2 NH3

THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLE

y Pairs and dozen are examples of units that we use y In chemistry, we use the unit mole to measure the amount of substances y The symbol of mole is mol y Example 5 a) 1 pair of shoes = 2 shoes b) 1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs c) 1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms y A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 y 1 mol of carbon-12 contains 6.02 x 1023 carbon atoms

Avogadro constant, NA
y Is the number of particles in one mole of a substances

Mass, g Mr Mr MOLE 24 dm3 or 22.4 dm3 6.02 X 1023

Number of Particle

6.02 X 1023

24 dm3 or 22.4 dm3

Volume ,cm3 / dm3

To determine the number of moles from the mass of a substance (converting mass to mole)
y Number of mole atoms = y Example 6

how many moles of matter are there in (a) 5 g of nitrogen (b) 80 g of carbon [relative atomic mass : N,14 ; C,12] answer (a) 0.357 mol (b) 6.67 mol

To determine the mass from the number of moles (changing mole to mass)
y Mass = number of moles x relative atomic mass y Example 7

how many grams of matter are there in (a) 2 moles of nitrogen (b) 6 moles of carbon [relative atomic mass : N,14 ; C,12] answer (a) 28 g (b) 72 g

To determine the number of particles from the number of moles

y Number of particle = no. of moles x 6.02x1023 y Example 8

the relative atomic mass of nitrogen is 14. calculate (a) the number of moles of nitrogen in 2 g of nitrogen (b) the number of atoms in 2 g of nitrogen answer : (a) 0.143 mol (b) 8.609x1022 nitrogen atoms

To determine the number of moles from the number of atoms

y Number of moles of atoms = y Example 9

how many moles are there in : (a) 12.04x1023 atoms of chlorine? (b) 1.02x1046 atoms of sodium? answer (a) 2 mol (b) 1.69x1022 mol

The mole and the mass of substances

y The molar mass of a substances is the mass of 1

mole of the substance y The molar mass of an element is the relative atomic mass of the element expressed in grams per mole y Example 10 the molar mass of sodium = the mass of 1 mole of sodium = the relative atomic mass of sodium expressed in grams per mole = 23 g mol-1 23 g of Na contain 6.02x1023 atoms of sodium

y The molar mass of a compound is the relative

molecular mass of the compound expressed in grams per mole y Example 11 the molar mass of SO2 gas = the mass of 1 mole of sulphur dioxide = the relative molecular mass of sulphur dioxide expressed in grams per mole = 32 + (2 x 16) = 64 g mol-1 64 g of SO2 contain 6.02x1023 molecules of SO2

To determine the Molar Mass from the Number of Moles

y Example 12

what is the molar mass of (a) 4 moles of H atoms ? (b) 0.5 moles of Na atoms ? [ H, 1 ; Na, 23 ] answer : (a) 4 g (b) 12.5 g y Example 13 how many moles are there in 16 g of copper(II) oxide CuO ? [ Cu, 64 ; O,16 ] answer = 0.2 mol

y Example 14

find the mass of 0.25 moles of sulphuric acid H2SO4. [ H,1 ; S,32 ; O,16 ] answer 24.5 g y Example 15 Calculate the mass of the following ionic compounds (a) 0.5 mole of NaCl (b) 0.1 mole of KNO3 [ O,16 ; Na,23 ; Cl,35.5 ; N,14 ; K,39 ] answer (a) 29.25 g (b) 10.1 g

The Mole and the Volume of Gas

y The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied

by one mole of gas y The molar volume of any gas is 22.4 dm3 at STP or 24 dm3 at room condition (r.t.p) y A fixed volume of any gas always contains the same number of molecules. y Avogadros Law = equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules under the same temperature and pressure y From this law, we can conclude that 1 mole of any gas has the same volume. (under the same temperature and pressure)

To determine the volume of a gas from the number of moles

y Example 16

calculate the volumes of the following quantities of gas at STP (a) 3.2 x 10-3 moles of CO2 answer (a) 0.0717 dm3 y Example 17 what is the volume of 0.08 moles of gas at room temperature and pressure ? answer 1.92 dm3

To determine the volume of a gas from its mass

y Example 18

a container has 10 g of oxygen (a) how many moles of O2 gas are there in the container (b) how many molecules of O2 gas are there in the container (c) what is the volume of O2 gas at room temperature and pressure answer : (a) 0.3125 mol (b) 1.881x1023 (c) 7.5 dm3

To determine the mass of a gas from its volume

y Example 19

a container was filled with 12dm3 of SO2 gas at room temperature and pressure. Find (a) the number of moles of SO2 present in the container (b) the mass of the sulphur dioxide gas [ S,32 ; O,16 ] answer : (a) 0.5 mol (b) 32 g

To determine the number of particle of a gas from the number of moles

y Example 20

how many particles of gas are there in 22 g of carbon dioxide ? answer : 3.01 x 1023

To determine the number of particles of a gas from the volume

y Example 21

a container contains 15 g of hydrogen. Calculate (a) its volume at room temperature and pressure (b) the number of molecules present (c) the number of atoms present answer : (a) 180 dm3 (b) 4.52 x 1024 molecules (c) 9.04 x 1024 atoms

y Example 22

find the mass of the following gases : (a) 1 mole of SO2 (b) 2.5 moles of Br2 gas [ Br,80 ; O,16 ] answer : (a) 64 g (b) 400 g y Example 23 how many atoms are there in 4.7 moles of calcium ? [ Ca,40 ] answer : 2.829 x 1024

y Example 24

a balloon is filled with 9.0 dm3 of CO2 at room temperature and pressure of 1 atmosphere. (a) how many atoms of CO2 does it contain ? (b) will answer be different if the balloon is filled with the same volume of helium ? answer : (a) 6.773 x 1023 (b) the answer will still the same. Why ? this is because all gases at the same temperature and pressure will have the same volume