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The Periodic Table of Elements @
The Periodic Table of Elements @
Historical development
y Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794)
- table Lavoisier not accepted because it contains: a) Non-elements such as heat and light b) Compounds such as silica, magnesia, chalk, barita and alumina
y Johann W. Dobereiner (1780 1849) he observed that certain elements had similar properties These elements occur in triads, or groups of three Each triad, the atomic mass of the middle element is equal to the average mass of the first and last element
Triads Atomic weight Average weight Lithium 7 Sodium 23 Calcium 39
( 7 + 39 ) 2 = 23 = weight of Sodium
y John Newlands (1837 1898) He arranged the elements in order of increasing nucleon number in horizontal rows He found that the chemical properties of every eighth element are similar ( law of octaves )
Li Na K Be Mg Ca B Al C Si N P O S F Cl
b)
The law of octaves was only accurate for the first 16 elements ( from Li to Ca ) There were no positions allocated for elements yet to be discovered
y Lother Meyer (1830 1895) He stated that the properties of the elements are periodic. They follow their atomic weights He devised a method to calculate the atomic volume of an atom : Atom volume = mass of the atom of the element density of the element
From the value of the atomic volume, he was able to
plot a graph of atomic volume against atomic mass From the graph, he conclude that elements with similar properties occupy similar positions in their graphs.
b)
He left gaps for elements yet to be discovered. He even used the table to predict the existence and properties if undiscovered elements. He changed the order if the chemical properties are not similar
y Henry G.J.Moseley (1887-1915) After he obtaining the proton number of the elements, he arranged the elements according to the increase proton numbers Just like Mendeleev did, he left gaps ( ) for elements yet to be discovered. Moseley work proved that elements should be arranged by proton number and not by atomic weight. This is the way the elements of the Periodic Table are arranged today
y Group 1 elements are called alkali metals y Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals y Group 17 elements are called halogens y Group 18 elements are called noble gases y A block of elements called transition elements
separates Group 2 and Group 13 y The horizontal rows are called periods. There are seven periods
Period 1 has two elements only b) Periodic 2 and 3 have eight elements each. The first three periods are called the short periods c) Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements each. They called the long periods
a)
Period 6 has 32 elements. Not all the elements can be listed on the same horizontal row. These elements are separated below (Lanthanide Series) e) Period 7 has 31 elements. Not all the elements can be listed on the same horizontal row. These elements are separated below ( Actinide Series )
d)
y y
All members of the same group have the same number of valence electrons. Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell
Group 1 elements have one valence electron b) Group 2 elements have two valence electrons c) Group 17 elements have seven valence electrons
a)
Group 2 elements is the same as its group number y Except for Helium. y Elements with more than 2 valence electrons (groups 13 to 18), the group number = 10 + number of valence electrons
Periods 1 have one electron shell Periods 2 have two electron shells Periods 3 have three electron shells Periods 4 have four electron shells
Group 18 Elements
y Physical properties Called noble gas and make up almost 1% of the air All noble gas do not
a) b) c)
Dissolve in water Conduct electricity Conduct heat Boiling point increase down the group Melting point increase down the group Atomic radius increase down the group Density increase down the group
y Chemical properties Noble gas are unreactive because they have filled outer shells of electrons which are a stable electron arrangement He have attained the stable duplet electron arrangement The other noble gas have attained the stable octet electron arrangement Therefore the noble gases do not need to accept, donate or share electrons with other elements All chemical reactions involve either gaining, losing or sharing electrons
Group 1 Elements
y All element in this group are metals which react with water to form alkaline solutions
Physical properties
y They are all conductors of electricity y They have low boiling point and melting point y - Melting point decrease down the group
- Boiling point decrease down the group - Electropositivity increase down the group ( is a measure of the ability of an atom to lose its valence electron ) - Hardness decrease down the group - Density increase down the group
Chemical properties
y The alkali metals are the most reactive group of metals in the Periodic Table y The alkali metals atoms achieve the stability of a duplet or octet by giving away its valence electron and form positive ion
y Reaction with Oxygen 1) Alkali metals react with oxygen gas to form metal oxides example : Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O 2) Alkali metals react with water to form alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas example : 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) 3) Alkali metal react easily with oxygen and water. To prevent this, alkali metals are kept in oil 4) The alkali metals become more reavtive down the group 5) Reaction of K, Rb, Cs, Fr with water is explosive. Thus ,a very small piece should be used during experiment
y Reaction with Halogen 1) Reaction with halogen will produce colourless, crystalline ionic salts called halides. Example :2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s) Sodium + chlorine sodium chloride 2) In the above reaction, every alkali atom will donate one electron to the halogen atom. Every halogen atom will receive one electron from the alkali atom Li Li+ + e Br + e Br Li+ + Br LiBr 3) The increase in reactivity is because.
Group 17 Elements
y Group 17 elements are also known as halogens y Halogens exist as diatomic molecules(F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2) y Halogens are very reactive elements and naturally exist as halide salts.
y Chlorine, bromine and iodine are a) Not conductors of heat b) Not conductors of electricity
Chemical properties
y
2Al(s) + 3Br2(g)
y Reaction with Hydrogen
2AlBr3(s)
aluminium bromide
halogens react with hydrogen to form halides H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g) hydrogen bromide
Elements In A Period
y The horizontal rows of elements in the Periodic Table are called periods y The elements are arranged from left to right. Each step will involve an increase in a) 1 proton particle b) 1 proton number c) 1 valence electron
Elements in Period 3 Proton number Electron configuration
Na 11 2.8.1 1
Mg 12 2.8.2 2
Al 13 2.8.3 3
Si 14 2.8.4 4
P 15 2.8.5 5
S 16 2.8.6 6
Cl 17 2.8.7 7
Ar 18 2.8.8 8
Valence electron
The following properties decreases from left to right a) Electropositivity b) Radius c) Melting point d) Boiling point
3)
Transition Elements
y The transitional elements lie in between group 2 and group 13 in the Periodic Table y All elements in this block of Periodic Table have similar properties
Physical properties
y The transition elements are. a) Hard b) Shiny c) Dense y They are good.
y They. a) Are malleable and ductile b) Have high tensile strength y The radius of all the transition elements is almost constant y
Electronegativity is low for all the elements. However, it increase slowly from left to right in the Periodic Table
4. Many of the transition elements can act as a catalyst 5. Catalysts are used in chemical reaction to speed up the rate of a reaction
Transition elements Nickel Vanadium(V) oxide Iron Platinum Catalyst used in (process) Used in hydrogenation of alkenes to produce alkane and hydrogenation of margarine Used in Contact process to produce sulphuric acid Used in Haber process to produce ammonia Used in Ostwald process to produce nitrogen oxide and finally to produce nitric acid
Precious Stones
1. All precious stones have brilliant colours 2. These colours are due to the present of transition elements in the stones
Transition elements Nickel, Iron Chromium Iron, Titanium Copper Manganese, Iron
Ethanol, C2H5OH Liquor and Flavour Iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 Iron pills for anaemic patients Magnesium oxide, MgO Antacid for gastric patients