Unit 5.

Structures
What are we going to learn in this unit?
      

5.1 What is a structure? 5.2 Efforts. 5.3 Structural elements 5.4 Resistant structures 5.5 Stable structures 5.6 Artificial structures 5.7 Final activities

Unit 5. Structures Which structures do you know?

5.1 What is a structure?

What is a structure?

A structure is a group of elements that together are able to resist forces and to transmit them to the ground

5.1 What is a structure?

The structures have to be resistant and stable

Stable

Resistant

5.1 What is a structure?

Structures along history From very old times new materials have changed constructions.

5.1 What is a structure?

The first structures were made with wood, then they also used stone. Nowadays we use concrete and iron

5.2 Efforts

The structures have to resist different efforts

5.2 Efforts
An effort is a force that appears when a structure receives an external force
Force

Internal effort

5.2 Efforts
These are the main efforts that a structure can receive: Traction is an effort that makes an object longer

5.2 Efforts
Compression: is an effort that makes an
object shorter

Flexion: is an effort that bends an object

5.2 Efforts
Shear (guillotine): separates an

object into two pieces

Torsion: twists objects

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
B C

E D

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
B C

Image

Structure

Effort

A B C

Cable Motorbike Guide rope

Traction Compression Traction

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
Image Structure Effort

D E

Column Bridge

Compression Flexion
E

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
F G

Image

Structure

Effort

F G

Nut Rivet

Torsion Shear

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
Image Structure Effort G

A B C D E F G

Bar/spring Bar/spring Spring Spring Bar/spring Bar/spring Bar

5.2 Efforts
Which efforts are applied in the following examples?
Image Structure Effort G

A B C D E F G

Bar/spring Bar/spring Spring Spring Bar/spring Bar/spring Bar

compression compression Traction Traction compression compression Flexion

5.3 Structural elements

These are the most common elements that can be found in a structure Foundations Columns Girders Arches Cables

5.3 Structural elements

Foundations are the base of any building and they are situated under the ground and made of concrete

concrete

5.3 Structural elements

Girders are horizontal bars that receive flexion efforts Columns are vertical bars that receive compression efforts
Forces

Girder Column

Foundation

5.3 Structural elements

Arch: A semicircular shape that joins the gap between two pillars Traction bars: Cables or bars which support traction efforts.

As we know a structure has to be resistant.

5.4 Resistant structures

A resistant structure keeps its shape when forces are applied.

5.4 Resistant structures

The triangle is the only geometric shape that cannot be deformed by applying forces to any angle.

5.4 Resistant structures

The use of triangular structures is very interesting because they are very resistant, light and easy to construct.

crane

pylon

5.4 Resistant structures

Triangulation makes it possible to transform shapes into a combination of triangles and therefore makes them nonnon-deformable.

5.4 Resistant structures

Add bars to these structures to form triangles and make them nondeformable

5.4 Estructuras resistentes

Add bars to these structures to form triangles and make them non-deformable

5.4 Resistant structures

Other resistant structure, the arch

Arch: Provides resistance to Arch: structures by distributing the effort of the structure.

5.5 Stable structures The structures have to be stable.

A structure is stable when it keeps its position when forces are applied.

5.5 Stable structures

Stability is obtained by distributing the mass evenly.

Mass centre evenly distributed

Mass centre unevenly

distributed

5.5 Stable structures

The mass centre is where all the weight is concentrated

He has the mass centre evenly distributed

5.5 Stable structures

When the mass is not evenly distributed, you can stop the object from falling in different ways, such as increasing its hold to the ground.
hold

How is the centre of gravity maintained in the following situations?

Increasing support Stretching his legs

5.5 Stable Structures

Placing triangles

Lowering the gravity point.

Increasing the weight at the base.

5.6 Types of artificial structures

Massive: a great concentration of material predominates

5.6 Types of artificial structures

Vaulted : Arches, vaults and domes are important holding and supporting elements

domes

Arches

vaults

5.6 Types of artificial structures

SubSub-frame: made up by timber(wood), steel or concrete intersecting elements
Forces

The structural elements are the girders, pillars or columns, and foundations.

Girder Column

Foundation

5.6 Types of artificial structures

Triangulated: Made up by linking many triangles forming flat or spatial networks.

crane

Oil rig

pylon

5.6 Types of artificial structures

Suspended: They are held by cables

5.7 Final activities

A door knob An arch A pen tip when you write A screwdriver when screwing the cable of a suspended bridge A lintel Scissors the cord of a blind Pedal axes Girders on a bridge TORSION

effort

COMPRESSION COMPRESSION TORSION TRACTION FLEXION SHEAR TRACTOIN TORSION FLEXION

5.7 Final activities

Name the effort in each of the following objects

5.7 Final activities

Which of the following structures will support efforts best? Why?

5.7 Final activities

Which

structure is more stable?

5.7 Final activities

Which of the following shapes is nonnondeformable? What can we do to make the other shapes non-deformable? non-

5.7 Final activities

Which of the following shapes is nonnondeformable? What can we do to make the other shapes non-deformable? non-

5.7 Final activities

Indicte the efforts that the following parts of the crane are subjected to.

cables Tirantes cables Working arm mast Base weight

5.7 Final activities

Working arm
Effort
FLEXION

cables
TRACTION

Base
COMPRESSION

mast
COMPRESSION

Weight
TRACTION

cables

mast

Working arm

weight

Base

5.7 Final activities

Draw this bridge and indicate where the main efforts are.

5.7 Final activities

Draw this bridge and indicate where the main efforts are.
Flexion Flexion

Compresion

Compresion

5.7 Final activities

Draw this bridge and indicate where the main efforts are.

5.7 Final activities

Draw this bridge and indicate where the main efforts are.
Traction Traction

Compression

5.7 Final activities

The romans used an element to get more stable and higher buildings. Which is the name of this element?

5.7 Final activities

Tell what kind of structure each one of these examples are: are: The Chinese Great Wall The Eiffel Tour A ladder The Alamillo Bridge A rubber ring A bin