Electromagnetics ENGR 367

Inductance

Introduction
Question: What physical parameters determine how much inductance a conductor or component will have in a circuit? Answer: It all depends on current and flux linkages!

Flux Linkage
Definition:
the magnetic flux generated by a current that passes through one or more conducting loops of its own or another separate circuit

Mathematical Expression:
If * m | the total flux generated by N turns and N | # of turns through which * m passes then N * m | flux linkage (assuming none escapes)

Types of Inductance
SelfSelf-Inductance (L): whenever the flux linkage of a conductor or circuit couples with itself Mutual Inductance (M): if the flux linkage of a conductor or circuit couples with another separate one

SelfSelf-Inductance
Formula by Definition N *m flux linkage L| ! I current through each turn
 Applies to linear magnetic materials only  Units:
L [Henry] ! [H] ! [Wb/A] ! [T m /A]
2

Inductance of Coaxial Cable

Magnetic Flux
* * QI * m ! B dS ! ( J ) (J d V dz ) 2TV S S !
b a

Inductance

QI Q Id d V dz ! ln(b / a) 2TV 2T

*m Qd ! L| ln(b / a) [H] I 2T L Q ! or ln(b / a) [H/m] d 2T

(as commonly used in transmission line theory)

Inductance of Toroid
Q NI 2 BJ ! [T] ! [Wb/m ] 2TV * * Magnetic Flux * m ! B dS S * * If core small *m ! B S vs. toroid Q NIS 2 ! V0 ) (if S 2TV0 where S | cross section area of the toroid core
Magnetic Flux Density

Inductance of Toroid
Inductance

N *m Q N S L| ! [H] I 2TV 0
2

 Result assumes that no flux escapes through gaps in the windings (actual L may be less)  In practice, empirical formulas are often used to adjust the basic formula for factors such as winding (density) and pitch (angle) of the wiring around the core

Alternative Approaches
SelfSelf-inductance in terms of
 Energy

1 2 2WH WH ! LI L ! 2 I 2

 Vector magnetic potential (A) (A

 Estimate by Curvilinear Square Field Map method

Inductance of a Long Straight Solenoid

Energy Approach
* * Q 1 WH ! B Hdv ! H 2 dv 2 vol . 2 vol . NI where H ! for this solenoid d d Q QN 2I 2 N 2I 2 @WH ! 2 dv ! 2 ) dS 0 dz 2 vol . d 2d S ( core Q N 2I 2S WH ! where S ! T a 2 for a circular core 2d

Inductance

2WH Q N 2 S L! 2 ! I d

Internal Inductance of a Long Straight Wire

Significance: an especially important issue for HF circuits since

ZL $ X L ! [L @ [ o ZL
Energy approach (for wire of radius a)
* * 1 Q WH ! B Hdv ! 2 vol . 2 IV 2 . ( 2T a 2 ) V d V dJ dz vol

l Q I 2 a 3 2T ! 2 4 V dJ dz 0 0 8T a 0 QI 2 Q I 2l ! 2 4 (a 4 / 4)(2T )(l ) ! 8T a 16T

Internal Inductance of a Long Straight Wire

Expressing Inductance in terms of energy
Q I 2l 2( ) 2WH 16T ! Q l L! 2 ! 8T I I2 L Q or ! l 8T

Note: this result for a straight piece of wire implies an important rule of thumb for HF discrete component circuit design: keep all lead lengths as short as possible

Example of Calculating SelfSelf-Inductance

Exercise 1 (D9.12, Hayt & Buck, 7th edition, p. 298) (D9 12, 298) selfFind: Find: the self-inductance of a) a 3.5 m length of coax cable with a = 0.8 mm and b = 4 mm, filled with a material for which Qr = 50. 50. Qr Q0 d Qd L! ln(b / a) ! ln(b / a ) 2T 2T (50)(4T v 107 H/m)(3.5m) 4 ! ln( ) 2T 0.8 L ! 56.3 Q H

Example of Calculating SelfSelf-Inductance

Exercise 1 (continued) selfFind: Find: the self-inductance of b) a toroidal coil of 500 turns, wound on a fiberglass form having a 2.5 x 2.5 cm square cross section and an inner radius of 2.0 cm

Q N S (1)(4T v 10 H/m)(500) (0.025m) ! L! 2TV0 2T (0.020 m  0.0125 m)

2 7 2

L ! 0.96 mH

Example of Calculating SelfSelf-Inductance

Exercise 1 (continued) selfFind: Find: the self-inductance of c) a solenoid having a length of 50 cm and 500 turns
about a cylindrical core of 2.0 cm radius in which Qr = 50 for 0 < V < 0.5 cm and Qr = 1 for 0.5 < V < 2.0 cm
Q0 N 2 Q N 2 S Q i N 2 Si Q o N 2 S o N2 !  ! ( Qi S i  Q o S o ) ! (50Si  So ) L! d d d d d where Si ! T (.005 m) 2 ! 78.5 v 106 m 2 and So ! T [(.020 m)2  (.005 m) 2 ] ! 1.18 v103 m 2 (4T v107 )(500)2 @ L ! [(50)(78.5 v 106 )  1.18 v 103 ] ! 3.2 mH 0.50

Example of Estimating Inductance: Structure with Irregular Geometry

Exercise 2: Approximate the inductance per unit length of
the irregular coax by the curvilinear square method

L l

NS 5.5 Q! Q0 NP 4(6) ! (0.23)(400T nH/m)

(if filled with air or non-magnetic material) L @ l 290 nH/m

Mutual Inductance
Significant when current in one conductor produces a flux that links through the path of a 2nd separate one and vice versa Defined in terms of magnetic flux (*m) (*
N 2 *12 M 12 ! | mutual inductance between circuits 1 and 2 I1 where *12 | the flux produced by I1 that links the path of I 2 and N 2 | the # of turns in circuit 2

Mutual Inductance
Expressed in terms of energy
1 M 12 ! I1 I 2 * * 1 . B1 H 2 dv ! I1I 2 vol * * Q0 H1 H 2 dv
vol .

and M 12 ! M 21 [H/m]

Thus, mutual inductances between conductors are reciprocal

Example of Calculating Mutual Inductance

Exercise 3 (D9.12, Hayt & Buck, 7/e, p. 298)
 Given: 2 coaxial solenoids, each l = 50 cm long Given: 1st: dia. D1= 2 cm, N1=1500 turns, core Qr=75 2nd: dia. D2=3 cm, N2=1200 turns, outside 1st  Find: a) L1=? for the inner solenoid Find:
Qr Q0 N12T D12 Q1 N S L1 ! ! 4l l (75)(4T v 107 H/m)(1500) 2 T (.02m)2 ! 4(.50m) L1 ! .133 H = 133 mH
2 1 1

Example of Calculating Mutual Inductance

Exercise 3 (continued)
 Find: b) L2 = ? for the outer solenoid Find:  Note: this solenoid has inner core and outer air filled regions as in Exercise 1 part c), so it may be treated the same way!

L2 ! 0.087 H ! 87 mH

Example of Calculating Mutual Inductance

Exercise 3 (continued)
 Find: M = ? between the two solenoids Find:
N 2*12 Q N 2 N1S1 M 12 | ! ! M 12 ! M I1 l
using S1 since core 1 is smaller of the two

(75)(4T v 107 )(1200)(1500)T (.02) 2 @M ! 4(.50) M ! 107 mH (! L1 L2 | geometric mean of the self-inductance of each individual solenoid)

Summary
Inductance results from magnetic flux (*m) (* generated by electric current in a conductor
 Self-inductance (L) occurs if it links with itself Self Mutual inductance (M) occurs if it links with another separate conductor

The amount of inductance depends on

 How much magnetic flux links  How many loops the flux passes through  The amount of current that generated the flux

Summary
Inductance formulas may be derived from
 Direct application of the definition  Energy approach  Vector Potential Method

The self-inductance of some common structures selfwith sufficient symmetry have an analytical result
    Coaxial cable Long straight solenoid Toroid Internal Inductance of a long straight wire

Summary
Numerical inductance may be evaluated by
 Calculation by an analytical formula if sufficient information is known about electric current, dimensions and permeability of material  Approximation based on a curvilinear square method if axial symmetry exists (uniform cross section) and a magnetic field map is drawn

References
Hayt & Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, Electromagnetics, 7/e, McGraw Hill: Bangkok, 2006. 2006. Kraus & Fleisch, Electromagnetics with Applications, Applications, 5/e, McGraw Hill: Bangkok, 1999. 1999. Wentworth, Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2005. 2005.