DEVELOPMENT OF OROFACIAL REGION

Oral Histology Dent 206

Folding of the embryo

Branchial Arches


Buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures @ 21 days



Stomodeum (primitive mouth)

  

Branchial (pharyngeal) pouches Branchial (pharyngeal) clefts Branchial (pharyngeal) arches

Branchial arches
26 days 28 days

28 days

32 days

Branchial arches
  

 

Embryologic basis of all the differentiated structures of the head and neck 5 pairs of branchial arches appear on day 22 Correspond to the primitive vertebrae gill bars On either side of the pharyngeal foregut Each arch consists of 3 layers
  

Outer covering of ectoderm Inner covering of endoderm, Middle core of mesenchyme. External, ectoderm-lined pharyngeal clefts ectodermInternal, endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches endoderm-

Arches are separated further into

 

Branchial arches


First stages of a recognizable face at the end of the third week



Frontal nasal process (cephalic portion of the neural tube) Branchial arches

Over weeks, the arches grow differentially and obliterate plates/grooves to give rise to the face Each arch gives rise to a cranial nerve, muscles and cartilage/bone

Branchial arches


Each branchial arch has

   

Skeletal elements Nervous elements Muscular elements Vascular elements

Skeletal elements


First arch


Meckels cartilage


Anterior part


Doesnt form the body of the mandible Act as a scaffold for the body of the mandible to form at its lateral aspect Disappears finally Anterior malleolar ligament Sphenomandibular ligament

Middle part
 

Dorsal end - Malleus

Pterygoquadrate bar cartilage Incus

Skeletal elements


Second arch


Reicherts cartilage
 

Dorsal end - Stapes Remainder

 

Styloid process and stylohyoid ligament Hyoid bone except greater horn

 

Third arch - Greater horn of hyoid Fourth to sixth arches Thyroid, cricoid & arytenoid cartilages

Nervous elements


First arch


Trigeminal nerve (V) Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharungeal (IX) Vagus nerve (laryngeal branches)

Second arch


Third arch


Fourth to sixth arches



Muscular elements


First arch


Muscles innervated by trigeminal nerve

    

Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini

Muscular elements


Second arch


Muscles innervated by facial nerve

 

Muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of digastric

Third arch


Muscles innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve



Palatopharyngeus muscle

Fourth to sixth arches



Muscles innervated by the pharyngeal branch of Vagus nerve

 

All muscles of the pharynx except palatopharyngeus All muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini

Muscles innervated by the laryngeal branches of Vagus nerve

 

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Vascular elements


Each arch right & left aortic arch vessel

 

Leads from the heart Ascends dorsally to the face, brain & posterior region of the body Third arch vessel becomes prominent to take over the facial region of the first two common carotid artery Fourth arch vessel dorsal aorta Before week seven internal carotid After week seven external carotid

Blood supply for neck & face

 

Vascular elements

Pharyngeal pouches


Tongue formation
 

Appears @ 32 days Develops from



Swellings from 1st arch (anterior 2/3s)

 

Lateral swellings Tuberculum impar Copula/Hypobranchial eminence Overgrows 2nd arch

Swelling from 3rd (posterior 1/3)

 

Swelling from 4th arch (extreme posterior)



Epiglottis

 

Sulcus terminalis Foramen cecum

 

Thyroglossal duct Thyroid glands

Innervation of the tongue



Anterior 2/3s


Sensory


First arch nerve (trigeminal through lingual nerve) Facial nerve through chorda tympani Glossopharyngeal (Vallate papillae migration) Hypoglossal nerve XII (muscles of the tongue are from myotomes of metotic somites)

Taste
 

Motor


Posterior 1/3


Sensory and taste



Third arch nerve (glossopharngeal)

Extreme posterior


Sensory and taste



Fourth arch nerve (Superior laryngeal nerve)

Development of the face



Growth of
  

Maxillary processes Mandibular processes Frontonasal process

47 days

Development of the face

 

 

Face forms around stomodeum Buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures @ 21 days Mesodermal processes Nasolacrimal duct

Frontonasal process (unpaired)



Nasal placodes
 

Nasal pit - nostrils Medial nasal swellings (together - Intermaxillary sigment)

  

Mid portion of the nose Philtrum of upper lip Primary palate Alae of the nose

lateral nasal swellings



st 1


arch processes (paired)

Maxillary processes
 

Much of the maxilla Lateral parts of upper lip Mandible Lower lip

Mandibular processes
 

Nasolacrimal duct


Forms between lateral nasal swellings and maxillary process

Palate
  

Starts @ 6 weeks Primary palate Secondary palate



Palatine processes


    

1st they are vertically oriented Tongue in between Horizontal reorientation Fusion with primary palate Fusion with each other Fusion with nasal septum

Palate completed by 60 days

Clefts

Development of the maxilla



Maxilla
 

Membranous ossification 2 ossification centres



Maxilla proper
 

Ossification starts at 40 days Maxillary sinus Ossifies later than maxilla

Premaxilla


Processes
   

Frontal Zygomatic Palatine Medial & lateral alveolar plates

Development of the mandible

 

Development of body Development of ramus

Development of body
  

Membranous ossification Close association with Meckels cartilage Ossification starts at

  

7 weeks At the site where mental nerve branches off Continues around IAN

 

Alveolar process Symphasis menti



Fuses at 1st postnatal yr

Development of ramus


Endochondral ossification Condylar cartilage

 

Appears at 11 weeks Growth until 21 yrs 14 weeks Replaced by bone before birth

Coronoid cartilage
 

Mandiblular units


Units
  

Condylar Body Angular forms in response to

 

Medial pterygoid Masseter

Coronoid forms in response to temporalis Alveolar



Forms in response to teeth